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Coxiella burnetii em leite de ruminantes: um potencial problema de Saúde pública?
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Abstract(s)
Coxiella burnetii é uma bactéria gram-negativa intracelular obrigatória, responsável pelo aparecimento
da Febre Q em humanos e Coxielose nos animais. Os ruminantes domésticos são considerados
reservatórios de infeção constituindo a principal fonte de infeção para humanos que ocorre
predominantemente através da inalação de aerossóis contaminados.
Os animais infetados eliminam a bactéria para o ambiente através dos produtos do parto ou aborto,
das fezes, urina e leite. Considerando que a bactéria apresenta elevada estabilidade, mesmo em
condições ambientais adversas, a transmissão pode ocorrer não apenas por via direta, como também
por via indireta ou mesmo vetorial.
Sendo o leite uma via de eliminação importante em ruminantes, e considerando que o leite não
pasteurizado e os produtos derivados do mesmo, são consumidos em diferentes partes do mundo; a
possibilidade de existir transmissão pela por via oral, nomeadamente através da ingestão de leite não
pasteurizado, é possível, mas é ainda um assunto controverso para a comunidade científica.
Na Europa, por exemplo, vários tipos de queijo com elevada qualidade gastronómica são confecionados
com leite não pasteurizado. Isto gera algumas preocupações acerca do aparecimento de surtos de
Febre Q entre a população humana derivado do consumo destes produtos. Apesar de a infeção por via
oral em humanos por C. burnetii permanecer um aspeto que requer investigação adicional, vários
estudos recentes comprovaram a presença e a viabilidade da bactéria em amostras de leite e queijo.
Apesar da evidência não conclusiva da ocorrência de infeção resultante da ingestão de leite não
pasteurizado e seus sub-produtos, deve ser dada particular atenção às atividades ocupacionais como
a ordenha e outras associadas à manipulação de leite cru. É assim necessário incrementar a perceção
da importância da pasteurização na segurança alimentar.
O presente trabalho pretende realizar uma reflexão relativamente à Febre Q, suas fontes de infeção e
riscos associados à infeção.
Coxiella Burnetti is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium that is responsible for Q fever in humans and Coxiellosis in animals. Domesticated ruminants are considered reservoirs of infection, constituting in that way the main source of infection for humans, wich occurs predominantly through inhalation of contaminated aerosols. Infected animals shed the bacteria onto the environment via parturition and miscarriage as well as faeces, urine, and milk. Bearing in mind that this bacterium proves to be highly stable, even in adverse environmental conditions, transmission may occur directly, indirectly, or even vectorially. Milk as a relevant route by which ruminants shed the bacteria and considering that unpasteurized milk and derived products are consumed in different parts of the world, the possibility of oral transmission, particularly through the ingestion of unpasteurized milk, is feasible but it still controversial within the scientific community. In Europe for instance there are numerous varieties of cheese, of very high gastronomic quality, which are manufactured with unpasteurized milk. This raises some concerns with regards to the emergence Q Fever outbrakes in human population as consequence of ingesting these products. Despite the subject of C. Bunetii ability to cause human infection by means of ingestion requiring additional investigations, several recent studies corroborated the presence and viability of the bacteria in several milk and cheese samples. Regardless of inconclusive evidence of infection occurrence resulting from the ingestion of unpasteurized milk and its by-products, special attention should be paid to occupational activities such as milking and others associated with the handling of raw milk. It is therefore pertinent to raise awareness of the relevance of pasteurization in promoting/guaranteeing food safety. The present work aims to reflect on Q fever, its infection sources, and associated risks.
Coxiella Burnetti is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium that is responsible for Q fever in humans and Coxiellosis in animals. Domesticated ruminants are considered reservoirs of infection, constituting in that way the main source of infection for humans, wich occurs predominantly through inhalation of contaminated aerosols. Infected animals shed the bacteria onto the environment via parturition and miscarriage as well as faeces, urine, and milk. Bearing in mind that this bacterium proves to be highly stable, even in adverse environmental conditions, transmission may occur directly, indirectly, or even vectorially. Milk as a relevant route by which ruminants shed the bacteria and considering that unpasteurized milk and derived products are consumed in different parts of the world, the possibility of oral transmission, particularly through the ingestion of unpasteurized milk, is feasible but it still controversial within the scientific community. In Europe for instance there are numerous varieties of cheese, of very high gastronomic quality, which are manufactured with unpasteurized milk. This raises some concerns with regards to the emergence Q Fever outbrakes in human population as consequence of ingesting these products. Despite the subject of C. Bunetii ability to cause human infection by means of ingestion requiring additional investigations, several recent studies corroborated the presence and viability of the bacteria in several milk and cheese samples. Regardless of inconclusive evidence of infection occurrence resulting from the ingestion of unpasteurized milk and its by-products, special attention should be paid to occupational activities such as milking and others associated with the handling of raw milk. It is therefore pertinent to raise awareness of the relevance of pasteurization in promoting/guaranteeing food safety. The present work aims to reflect on Q fever, its infection sources, and associated risks.
Description
Keywords
Febre Q Zoonose ocupacional Leite cru Fontes de infeção Q fever Occupational zoonosis Raw milk Sources of infection