Loading...
Publication
A prova por reconhecimento no processo penal: do reconhecimento fotográfico ao reconhecimento pessoal
| Name: | Description: | Size: | Format: | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8.05 MB | Adobe PDF |
Authors
Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
O reconhecimento de pessoas no âmbito do processo pena, enquanto meio de prova tem sido alvo de muita controvérsia, em muito devido à sua fragilidade.
Um estudo desenvolvido nos Estados Unidos da América pelo Innocent Project demonstrou que os reconhecimentos errados efetuados por testemunhas oculares em processos-crime foram responsáveis por um grande número de condenações de pessoas inocentes. A sua dependência do processo mnésico e da perceção do reconhecedor faz com que seja influenciado por um vasto conjunto de fatores intrínsecos à testemunha ocular como o stresse resultante do acontecimento presenciado, as suas vivências anteriores, ou extrínsecos como a presença de uma arma, o tempo de exposição ao acontecimento, a luminosidade e a distância do acontecimento, entre outro cujo efeito se manifesta no momento em que se realiza o reconhecimento.
No ordenamento jurídico português, o legislador, ignorando o resultado dos estudos sobre a psicologia do testemunho de testemunhas oculares que, apontam para a influência de um reconhecimento prévio no resultado do reconhecimento presencial, na alteração do CPP de 2007 introduziu a possibilidade da realização do reconhecimento fotográfico, embora sujeitando-o a uma espécie de validação através de um reconhecimento presencial para que possa ser valorado como meio de prova.
Através da conjugação dos conhecimentos da Psicologia e do Direito tentamos demonstrar a influência desse reconhecimento prévio, realizado em circunstâncias desconhecidas, no resultado do reconhecimento presencial, este sim valorado enquanto meio de prova. As conclusões do estudo prático desenvolvido, nos casos de crimes como o roubo, apontam igualmente nesse sentido.
Estes resultados levaram-nos a propor a criação de um manual de procedimentos para os OPC que, em complemento aos formalismos legais previstos no CPP, congrega um conjunto de normas técnicas essenciais para garantirem a realização de um reconhecimento fotográfico válido enquanto meio de prova, embora mediante uma alteração legislativa ao CPP .
People recognition within the criminal proceedings and its valuation as a mean of evidence, has been considered highly controversial due to its fragility. The Innocent Project, in the USA, has conducted a research which demonstrated that all the wrong recognition made by eyewitness in criminal process were responsible for many innocent people being convicted. Depending on mnesic abilities and the recognizer perception makes this process vulnerable to a wide range of intrinsically witness related conditions. Such conditions are, for instance, stress related to the fact of witnessing the event, their previous experiences, or even external conditions, such as, the gun presence in the crime scene, the duration of exposure time to the event, the luminosity and event distance, among others. The effect caused by these conditions arises at the recognition moment. In the Portuguese juridical order, the legislator ignored all the research results on eye-witness testimony within psychological scope. Those specific researches showed a great influence in presential recognition results, just by using previous recognition. The 2007 CCP amendment brought in the photographic recognition, though it was bound to a sort of validation through live recognition, in order to be valued as a mean of proof. It was decided to hold a phycology and law literacy revision, bringing these two areas together to demonstrate the great influence that previous recognition has once it is held in unknown circumstances, as a result of presential recognition. Presential recognition is the one valuated as a mean of evidence. At the same time, a field research allowed us to conclude that in robbery crimes, except for bag-snatching, allowing to have a photographic recognition seems to influence, in a great way, the presential recognition result. These results lead us to propose the creation of a procedure manual, which was to be used by Criminal Police regulatory agencies (OPC) that, in addition to legal procedures prescribed in CCP, assembles a set of technical rules. Those technical rules are essential in order to assure the photographic recognition as a mean of proof. For this to happen, we therefore propose a legislative amendment to CCP, with the inclusion of a new article devoted to the implementation of photographic recognition.
People recognition within the criminal proceedings and its valuation as a mean of evidence, has been considered highly controversial due to its fragility. The Innocent Project, in the USA, has conducted a research which demonstrated that all the wrong recognition made by eyewitness in criminal process were responsible for many innocent people being convicted. Depending on mnesic abilities and the recognizer perception makes this process vulnerable to a wide range of intrinsically witness related conditions. Such conditions are, for instance, stress related to the fact of witnessing the event, their previous experiences, or even external conditions, such as, the gun presence in the crime scene, the duration of exposure time to the event, the luminosity and event distance, among others. The effect caused by these conditions arises at the recognition moment. In the Portuguese juridical order, the legislator ignored all the research results on eye-witness testimony within psychological scope. Those specific researches showed a great influence in presential recognition results, just by using previous recognition. The 2007 CCP amendment brought in the photographic recognition, though it was bound to a sort of validation through live recognition, in order to be valued as a mean of proof. It was decided to hold a phycology and law literacy revision, bringing these two areas together to demonstrate the great influence that previous recognition has once it is held in unknown circumstances, as a result of presential recognition. Presential recognition is the one valuated as a mean of evidence. At the same time, a field research allowed us to conclude that in robbery crimes, except for bag-snatching, allowing to have a photographic recognition seems to influence, in a great way, the presential recognition result. These results lead us to propose the creation of a procedure manual, which was to be used by Criminal Police regulatory agencies (OPC) that, in addition to legal procedures prescribed in CCP, assembles a set of technical rules. Those technical rules are essential in order to assure the photographic recognition as a mean of proof. For this to happen, we therefore propose a legislative amendment to CCP, with the inclusion of a new article devoted to the implementation of photographic recognition.
Description
Keywords
Memória Perceção Prova Reconhecimento