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A inteligência artificial no combate ao terrorismo em Portugal - um estudo exploratório
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Abstract(s)
É através da utilização de tecnologias que a sociedade muda drasticamente. As vantagens são várias, desde maior facilidade de comunicação, aumento da partilha de conhecimento, possibilidade de os cidadãos estarem em qualquer parte do mundo através de um simples clique, entre outras. No entanto, na criminalidade foi possível verificar algumas mudanças através da adaptação desta às tecnologias e a esta nova realidade. Foi possível verificar algumas mudanças, os alvos tornaram-se diferentes e os modi operandi passaram a ser outros. O crime de terrorismo não foi uma exceção. O que antes era tendencialmente feito sobre um grande risco e insegurança é agora feito atrás de um computador ou de um telemóvel – deixam de ser necessárias viagens para investigar determinados alvos, as informações e planeamentos de ataques são feitos online através de perfis difíceis de detetar, a propaganda é de fácil acesso tornando a radicalização mais rápida e o recrutamento torna-se mais fácil de desenvolver chegando assim a mais pessoas. É neste contexto de mudança que o presente estudo pretende explorar o papel da tecnologia, em específico, da inteligência artificial para combater o terrorismo. No método foi dada preferência a uma abordagem qualitativa, sendo a recolha de dados realizada através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, sendo depois realizada uma análise de conteúdo, mais especificamente uma análise categorial. A investigação demonstra que atualmente o uso de inteligência artificial em Portugal é incipiente e que, embora as vantagens de se aplicar a inteligência artificial ao combate ao terrorismo sejam variadas, os desafios são complexos, nomeadamente no que concerne à escassez de meios técnicos, dificuldades para aceder a dados pessoais de suspeitos de terrorismo e entraves legislativos.
It is through the use of technology that society changes dramatically. The advantages are many, from easier communication, increased knowledge sharing, the possibility for citizens to be anywhere in the world with a simple click, among others. However, it was possible to verify some changes in criminality by adapting it to the technologies and to this new reality. It was possible to verify some changes, the targets became different and the modi operandi became other. The crime of terrorism was not an exception. What used to be done under great risk and insecurity is now done behind a computer or a cell phone - travelling is no longer necessary to investigate certain targets, information and planning of attacks are done online through profiles that are difficult to detect, propaganda is easily accessible, making radicalization faster, and recruitment becomes easier to develop, thus reaching more people. It is in this context of change that this study aims to explore the role of technology, specifically artificial intelligence, in the combat of terrorism. In the method, preference was given to a qualitative approach, being the data collection carried out through semi-structured interview and subsequently performed a content analysis, more specifically a categorical analysis of the various responses, analyzing them in order to find common and divergent points. The research shows that currently the use of artificial intelligence in Portugal is incipient and that, although the advantages of applying artificial intelligence to combat terrorism are manifold, the challenges are complex, namely regarding the scarcity of technical means, difficulties to access personal data of terrorist suspects, and legislative obstacles.
It is through the use of technology that society changes dramatically. The advantages are many, from easier communication, increased knowledge sharing, the possibility for citizens to be anywhere in the world with a simple click, among others. However, it was possible to verify some changes in criminality by adapting it to the technologies and to this new reality. It was possible to verify some changes, the targets became different and the modi operandi became other. The crime of terrorism was not an exception. What used to be done under great risk and insecurity is now done behind a computer or a cell phone - travelling is no longer necessary to investigate certain targets, information and planning of attacks are done online through profiles that are difficult to detect, propaganda is easily accessible, making radicalization faster, and recruitment becomes easier to develop, thus reaching more people. It is in this context of change that this study aims to explore the role of technology, specifically artificial intelligence, in the combat of terrorism. In the method, preference was given to a qualitative approach, being the data collection carried out through semi-structured interview and subsequently performed a content analysis, more specifically a categorical analysis of the various responses, analyzing them in order to find common and divergent points. The research shows that currently the use of artificial intelligence in Portugal is incipient and that, although the advantages of applying artificial intelligence to combat terrorism are manifold, the challenges are complex, namely regarding the scarcity of technical means, difficulties to access personal data of terrorist suspects, and legislative obstacles.
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Keywords
Contraterrorismo Inteligência Inteligência artificial Tecnologia Terrorismo Intelligence Counterterrorism Artificial intelligence Technology Terrorism