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O papel da microbiota oral nas doenças sistémicas
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Este trabalho é dedicado a uma análise abrangente do papel da microbiota oral na patogénese e progressão de várias doenças sistémicas. Em particular, explora-se de que forma o desequilíbrio do ecossistema microbiano da cavidade oral (disbiose) pode estar relacionado com o desenvolvimento de patologias como a aterosclerose, a diabetes tipo 2, a doença de Alzheimer, as infeções do trato respiratório inferior e o cancro colorretal. Dá-se especial atenção à interação entre os microrganismos e o sistema imunitário do hospedeiro, bem como aos mecanismos moleculares e celulares envolvidos na resposta inflamatória, na translocação bacteriana e na destabilização das barreiras epiteliais.
Entre os principais mecanismos patogénicos analisados encontram-se: a penetração de patogénios persistentes (como a Porphyromonas gingivalis) na corrente sanguínea, a sua capacidade de modular a resposta imunitária, o impacto da hiperglicemia na microbiota oral em doentes com diabetes, e o papel da periodontite como possível fator desencadeador de processos neurodegenerativos. São também abordados os mecanismos de aspiração de microrganismos para as vias respiratórias inferiores e a sua participação em processos inflamatórios e neoplásicos, o que reforça a importância da microbiota oral não apenas como fator local, mas também sistémico.
Dá-se também destaque à necessidade de aprofundar o estudo da relação entre disbiose e doenças sistémicas. Neste contexto, o trabalho aborda estratégias atuais de diagnóstico e prevenção, nomeadamente a utilização de biomarcadores da microbiota para deteção precoce de patologias, a importância da manutenção da higiene oral, o recurso a abordagens probióticas e o papel fundamental da colaboração interdisciplinar na prática clínica.
This work is dedicated to a comprehensive analysis of the role of the oral microbiota in the pathogenesis and progression of various systemic diseases. In particular, it explores how the imbalance of the microbial ecosystem in the oral cavity (disbiose) may be related to the development of conditions such as atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, lower respiratory tract infections, and colorectal cancer. Special attention is given to the interaction between microorganisms and the host’s immune system, as well as to the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the inflammatory response, bacterial translocation, and the destabilization of epithelial barriers. Among the main pathogenic mechanisms analyzed are the penetration of persistent pathogens (such as Porphyromonas gingivalis) into the bloodstream, their ability to modulate the immune response, the impact of hyperglycemia on the oral microbiota in diabetic patients, and the role of periodontitis as a possible trigger for neurodegenerative processes. The mechanisms of aspiration of microorganisms into the lower respiratory tract and their involvement in inflammatory and neoplastic processes are also addressed, reinforcing the importance of the oral microbiota not only as a local but also as a systemic risk factor. The work also emphasizes the need to further study the relationship between disbiose and systemic diseases. In this context, it discusses current strategies for diagnosis and prevention, namely the use of microbiota biomarkers for early disease detection, the importance of maintaining oral hygiene, the use of probiotic approaches, and the fundamental role of interdisciplinary collaboration in clinical practice.
This work is dedicated to a comprehensive analysis of the role of the oral microbiota in the pathogenesis and progression of various systemic diseases. In particular, it explores how the imbalance of the microbial ecosystem in the oral cavity (disbiose) may be related to the development of conditions such as atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, lower respiratory tract infections, and colorectal cancer. Special attention is given to the interaction between microorganisms and the host’s immune system, as well as to the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the inflammatory response, bacterial translocation, and the destabilization of epithelial barriers. Among the main pathogenic mechanisms analyzed are the penetration of persistent pathogens (such as Porphyromonas gingivalis) into the bloodstream, their ability to modulate the immune response, the impact of hyperglycemia on the oral microbiota in diabetic patients, and the role of periodontitis as a possible trigger for neurodegenerative processes. The mechanisms of aspiration of microorganisms into the lower respiratory tract and their involvement in inflammatory and neoplastic processes are also addressed, reinforcing the importance of the oral microbiota not only as a local but also as a systemic risk factor. The work also emphasizes the need to further study the relationship between disbiose and systemic diseases. In this context, it discusses current strategies for diagnosis and prevention, namely the use of microbiota biomarkers for early disease detection, the importance of maintaining oral hygiene, the use of probiotic approaches, and the fundamental role of interdisciplinary collaboration in clinical practice.
Descrição
Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz
Palavras-chave
Microbiota oral Disbiose Doenças sistémicas Prevenção clínica