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Transformação digital nas PME portuguesas: uma análise longitudinal com base nos microdados do IUTICE (2015-2024)
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Abstract(s)
Este estudo analisa a evolução da adoção de tecnologias digitais nas Pequenas e Médias Empresas (PME) portuguesas entre 2015 e 2024, com base em microdados anonimizados do IUTICE. A investigação abrange cinco dimensões: profissionais de TIC, formação em TIC, comércio eletrónico (presença e intensidade), segurança nas TIC e inteligência artificial (IA). O objetivo é mapear a trajetória de adoção, identificar tendências e caracterizar assimetrias setoriais. Foram construídos os índices D1 (Segurança nas TIC) e E1 (IA), em escala 0–100, para leitura comparativa e longitudinal. A análise é quantitativa, descritiva e longitudinal, com harmonização interanual de variáveis, visualização temporal e comparações setoriais. Complementarmente, realiza-se para o ano de 2024 uma comparação transversal com Grandes Empresas para enquadrar os níveis das PME. Os resultados revelam uma evolução gradual e heterogénea. Nos recursos humanos em TIC, cresce a presença de especialistas, sobretudo nos setores mais intensivos em conhecimento — J (Informação e Comunicação) e M (Atividades Profissionais, Científicas e Técnicas) —, enquanto setores de contacto direto com o consumidor — G (Comércio), H (Transportes e Armazenagem) e I (Alojamento e Restauração) — registam progressos mais moderados. A formação acompanha essa evolução. O comércio eletrónico apresenta uma adesão crescente, a segurança das TIC expande práticas (D1) e a IA evidencia uma trajetória emergente (E1), concentrando-se em aplicações de menor barreira técnica (linguagem, automação, aprendizagem automática). Em 2024, as Grandes Empresas superam as PME em todos as dimensões analisadas, refletindo vantagem de escala e recursos. Conclui-se que as PME portuguesas registam um progresso assinalável na maturidade digital, com avanços em capital humano e segurança, comércio eletrónico consolidado e IA em expansão. Os índices D1 e E1 mostram-se instrumentos úteis para diagnóstico e monitorização por setor e ano.
This study analyses the evolution of digital technology adoption in Portuguese Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) between 2015 and 2024, based on anonymised microdata from the IUTICE survey. The research covers five dimensions: ICT professionals, ICT training, e-commerce (presence and intensity), ICT security and artificial intelligence (AI). The aim is to map the adoption trajectory, identify trends, and characterise sectoral asymmetries. Two synthetic indices were constructed — D1 (ICT Security) and E1 (AI) — on a 0–100 scale, to enable longitudinal and comparative analysis. The study follows a quantitative, descriptive and longitudinal design, with interannual harmonisation of variables, temporal visualisation and sectoral comparisons. Additionally, for the year 2024, a cross-sectional comparison with large enterprises was carried out to contextualise SME adoption levels. The results reveal a gradual and heterogeneous evolution. In ICT human resources, the presence of specialists increased mainly in knowledge-intensive sectors — J (Information and Communication) and M (Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities) —, while consumer-facing sectors — G (Trade), H (Transportation and Storage) and I (Accommodation and Food Services) — recorded more moderate progress. ICT training followed a similar pattern. E-commerce shows growing adoption, ICT security expanded its practices (D1), and AI displays an emerging trajectory (E1), concentrated in lower-barrier applications (language, automation, machine learning). In 2024, large enterprises outperform SMEs in all dimensions, reflecting their scale and resource advantages. It is concluded that Portuguese SMEs have achieved significant progress in digital maturity, with advances in human capital and security, consolidated e-commerce and expanding AI adoption. The D1 and E1 indices have proven to be useful tools for diagnosis and monitoring by sector and year.
This study analyses the evolution of digital technology adoption in Portuguese Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) between 2015 and 2024, based on anonymised microdata from the IUTICE survey. The research covers five dimensions: ICT professionals, ICT training, e-commerce (presence and intensity), ICT security and artificial intelligence (AI). The aim is to map the adoption trajectory, identify trends, and characterise sectoral asymmetries. Two synthetic indices were constructed — D1 (ICT Security) and E1 (AI) — on a 0–100 scale, to enable longitudinal and comparative analysis. The study follows a quantitative, descriptive and longitudinal design, with interannual harmonisation of variables, temporal visualisation and sectoral comparisons. Additionally, for the year 2024, a cross-sectional comparison with large enterprises was carried out to contextualise SME adoption levels. The results reveal a gradual and heterogeneous evolution. In ICT human resources, the presence of specialists increased mainly in knowledge-intensive sectors — J (Information and Communication) and M (Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities) —, while consumer-facing sectors — G (Trade), H (Transportation and Storage) and I (Accommodation and Food Services) — recorded more moderate progress. ICT training followed a similar pattern. E-commerce shows growing adoption, ICT security expanded its practices (D1), and AI displays an emerging trajectory (E1), concentrated in lower-barrier applications (language, automation, machine learning). In 2024, large enterprises outperform SMEs in all dimensions, reflecting their scale and resource advantages. It is concluded that Portuguese SMEs have achieved significant progress in digital maturity, with advances in human capital and security, consolidated e-commerce and expanding AI adoption. The D1 and E1 indices have proven to be useful tools for diagnosis and monitoring by sector and year.
Description
Keywords
Transformação digital PME IUTICE Inteligência artificial Digital transformation SMEs Artificial intelligence