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- Network analysis in basketball : inspecting the prominent players using centrality metricsPublication . Manuel Clemente, Filipe; M. L. Martins, Fernando; Kalamaras, Dimitris; Mendes, RuiThe aim of this study was to analyse the team-members cooperation in basketball by using centrality metrics of network. Different ages were compared in this study. Forty players (10 players of under-14; 10 players of under16; 10 players of under-18 and 10 players in amateurs with more than 20 years) voluntarily participated in this study. A total of 326 units of attack were generated based on the team-members interactions and then converted in final graphs. The one-way ANOVA for the factor tactical position found statistical differences in the dependent variables of %DCentrality (F(4,15) = 13.622; p-value = 0.001; n2 = 0.784; Large Effect Size) and %DPrestige (F(4,15) = 20.590; p-value = 0.001; n2 = 0.846; Large Effect Size). In conclusion this study showed that point guard was the prominent position during the attacking organization and that social network analysis it is a useful approach to identify the patterns of interactions in the game of basketball.
- Visual Patterns of U16 athletes and professional basketball playersPublication . Marques, Rui; Dias, Gonçalo; M. L. Martins, Fernando; Gomes, Ricardo; Mendes, Rodrigo; Martinho, Diogo V.; Coelho-e-Silva, M. ou Coelho-e-Silva, M.J. ou Coelho-Silva, M ou Silva, M.; Mendes, RuiThis work aimed to compare the visual patterns of under 16 (U16) athletes and professional basketball players. The sample was composed of 10 U16 (aged 15.2 ± 0.4 years; 7.1 ± 2.5 years of experience) and 10 professional (aged 27.6 ± 3.7 years; 18.4 ± 4.6 years of experience) basketball players. All athletes were males and right-handed. Each participant performed 50 jump shots from 10 different positions and 5 different angle shots (0°, 45°, 90°, 135° and 180°). Number of fixations, time of first and last fixation, total fixation duration and Quiet Eye (QE) time of all shots were analysed. Overall, results indicated that the U16 group showed greater within-group differences regarding shot positions, last fixation times, shot angles, and first and last fixation times. Additionally, the U16 group presented different visual strategies than those of professional players, with significant differences found for shooting positions and shot angles, particularly for shots performed on the left side of the field, and for QE times. In conclusion, our results add to the understanding that longer fixation times and longer QE time are associated with better jump-shot efficacy, and this relation is evident when comparing players of different age groups.
- Technical accuracy it is associated with prominence levels in basketball?Publication . Manuel Clemente, Filipe; M. L. Martins, Fernando; Mendes, RuiThe aim of this study it was verify the association level between technical accuracy and tactical prominence variables of basketball players from different competitive levels. For such analysis, technical accuracy it was analysed using Team Sports Assessment Procedure and tactical prominence using social network analysis metrics. Forty-two basketball players from four different competitive levels (U14, U16, U18 and amateurs with more than 20 years old) it were observed during three official matches. Correlation tests revealed that %inDegree showed a large positive correlation with efficiency index (r = 0.665; p = 0.001) and very large positive correlation with volume of play (r = 0.844; p = 0.001) and performance score (r = 0.843; p = 0.001). The %outDegree showed very large positive correlation with volume of play (r = 0.743; p = 0.001), efficiency index (r = 0.710; p = 0.001) and performance score (r = 0.776; p = 0.001). This study allowed to identify that technical accuracy has great levels of correlation with tactical prominence, mainly in the case of inDegree centrality.
- The effects of small-sided and conditioned games on the heart rate responses, technical and tactical performances measured by mathematical methodsPublication . Manuel Clemente, Filipe; M. L. Martins, Fernando; Mendes, Rui; Oliveira, PatríciaThe aim of this study was to identify the effects of format and task condition on heart rate responses and technical/tactical performance measured by mathematical methods. Ten male basketball players (14.75 ± 0.46 years old; 5 ± 1.4 years of training) from a Portuguese youth regional league participated voluntarily in this study. Results revealed that the format had significant main effects and large effect size (Pillai’s Trace = 0.692; F(10,78) = 4.124; p = 0.001; 𝜂! != 0.346; Power = 0.996) on heart rate responses and technical/tactical performance. It was also found that task conditions had a significant main effects and a large effect size (Pillai’s Trace = 0.623; F(10,78) = 3.526; p = 0.001; 𝜂!! = 0.311; Power = 0.988) on heart rate responses and technical/tactical performance. Smaller formats had the highest heart rate responses, volume of play, attacks with ball, efficiency index and performance scores. The task condition with two targets had the highest heart rate responses and the task with endline had the highest values of volume of play, attacks with ball, efficiency index and performance score. In sum, it was found that smaller formats are similar to anaerobic workouts and to can be used to increase technical actions. The bigger formats are appropriated to high intensity aerobic workouts and to can be used to increase the complexity of the task.
- Gastrocnemius activation throughout the competitive season in athletes of different experience levelsPublication . Amaro, C.M.; Castro, Maria António; Roseiro, Luis; Mendes, Rui; M. Amaro, A.Basketball is a team sport in which the players undergo rapid reactions, and running efforts are usually carried out in all directions. The main goal of the present study was to evaluate the muscle activity response in different basketball movements, considering two types of athletes with different levels of experience. Using a group of nine volunteers, female athletes from a senior basketball team, a data acquisition protocol was defined to identify the changes that occurred throughout the sports season. In this study, to assess the gastrocnemius muscle activity, intensity peak (%MC) and time to peak (TP) were evaluated for five typical basketball skills and movements involving running and jumping with and without the ball. Seven repetitions were executed for each movement, performed at two different time-points of the sports season: at the beginning of the teams’ competition, in November (T1), and at the season peak, in March (T2). TP presents greater values for T2 of the season when compared with T1. The results show that the level of experience of the athletes has a significant effect on the results of TP and %MC, particularly when comparing the two seasons.
- The use of eye tracking glasses in basketball shooting : a systematic reviewPublication . Marques, Rui; M. L. Martins, Fernando; Mendes, Rui; Coelho-e-Silva, M. ou Coelho-e-Silva, M.J. ou Coelho-Silva, M ou Silva, M.; Dias, GonçaloSports performance is related to cognitive processes that precede the motor task to be developed. In this way, the coupling between visual information and motor behavior has a major importance in filtering the visual information, necessary to the accomplishment of the motor task to be executed, ignoring ‘accessory’ stimuli. In this field, this essay has the goal of achieving a systematic review about past studies in the context of basketball shooting. We bring to you some evidence that support the applicability and efficiency of Eye Tracking Glasses systems in the analysis of visual attention in basketball shooting, emphasizing the concept of Quiet Eye, interconnected with anxiety and occlusion of vision. The results of the studies demonstrate the importance of the use of Eye Tracking Glasses for the evaluation/intervention in the process of visual attention training related to efficiency in shooting.