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- 3D printing for dental applicationsPublication . Figueiredo-Pina, Célio Gabriel; Serro, Ana Paula
- Enhancing preclinical proficiency in aesthetic medicine and cosmetic dermatology : an evidence-based review of interactive visual simulation techniquesPublication . Khalil, Hassan; Pereira, Inês Novo; Shatta, Bashar; Magrin, Anna Maria Fenech; Hassan, HaidarBackground: Unlike many clinical disciplines where simulation is already embedded in curricula, aesthetic medicine and cosmetic dermatology present distinctive training challenges. Interactive visual simulation techniques offer immersive, risk-free environments for developing technique-dependent competencies, but their evidence base within this specific field remains comparatively limited. Aims: To identify the key features and potential value of interactive visual simulation techniques for aesthetic medicine and cosmetic dermatology, and to provide evidence-based insights for integrating these technologies into academic training programs. Methods: An evidence-based review using the Best Bets methodology was conducted. Two independent reviewers searched PubMed and Google Scholar (October 2024–February 2025) for literature published between 2015 and 2025. Evidence was graded using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) 2011 Levels of Evidence, and quality was assessed using Critical Appraisal Skills Programs (CASP) checklists. Results: Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 897 reported participants across nine simulation modalities: virtual reality (n = 2), augmented/mixed reality (n = 1), 3D-printed models (n = 2), 3D digital simulation (n = 1), hands-on simulation (n = 2), simulation-based education (n = 2), haptic feedback (n = 1), smartphone applications (n = 1), and AI applications (n = 1). Three of the 13 studies were cross-disciplinary (general dermatological suturing, smartphone adoption patterns, and AI-assisted patient education) and were retained as contextual evidence rather than as direct tests of aesthetic-specific training efficacy. Evidence was predominantly low-level: Level II (n = 2), Level III (n = 3), Level IV (n = 2), and Level V (n = 6). Risk of bias was high across the majority. Reported outcomes clustered at Kirkpatrick Levels 1–2a (learner satisfaction and confidence), with only one study demonstrating objective skill improvement (Level 2b). Despite these limitations, simulation-based techniques consistently demonstrated potential to improve self-reported procedural knowledge and trainee confidence. Conclusion: Simulation-based training shows promise for aesthetic medicine and cosmetic dermatology. Although favorable outcomes were reported, these were predominantly confidence-based (Kirkpatrick Level 2a) rather than objective skill measures. These results cautiously support integration of simulation technologies into training programs but underscore the urgent need for rigorous, randomized controlled trials with objective competence outcomes to establish long-term efficacy and generalizability.
- Recent advances on 3D-printed zirconia-based dental materials : a reviewPublication . Branco, Ana Catarina; Colaço, Rogério; Figueiredo-Pina, Célio Gabriel; Serro, Ana PaulaZirconia-based materials are widely used in dentistry due to their biocompatibility and suitable mechanical and tribological behavior. Although commonly processed by subtractive manufacturing (SM), alternative techniques are being explored to reduce material waste, energy consumption and production time. 3D printing has received increasing interest for this purpose. This systematic review intends to gather information on the state of the art of additive manufacturing (AM) of zirconia-based materials for dental applications. As far as the authors know, this is the first time that a comparative analysis of these materials’ properties has been performed. It was performed following the PRISMA guidelines and using PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases to select studies that met the defined criteria without restrictions on publication year. Stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) were the techniques most focused on in the literature and the ones that led to most promising outcomes. However, other techniques, such as robocasting (RC) and material jetting (MJ), have also led to good results. In all cases, the main concerns are centered on dimensional accuracy, resolution, and insufficient mechanical strength of the pieces. Despite the struggles inherent to the different 3D printing techniques, the commitment to adapt materials, procedures and workflows to these digital technologies is remarkable. Overall, the research on this topic can be seen as a disruptive technological progress with a wide range of application possibilities.