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- The Space of Pompeian Domus towards Le Corbusier Hospital of VenicePublication . ROMA, ChiaraPompeian domus are the result of a spontaneous, annular process, which through continuous modifications and adjustments, and sometimes errors, affirmed over time a recognizable typological model. Few spatial elements held together by a central void, the patio, constitute the domestic environment. With the same simplicity, they are joined together through the cardo-decumanic structure, constituting urban fabric. Charles-Edouard Jeanneret discovered Pompeii during the Voyage d'Orient in 1911. He studied the city catching proportions, distances between spaces, human dimension as well as main domus character: introversion. In Pompeii, while drawing the order of the Forum, the young C.-E. Jeanneret discovered the invention of these houses made of thick, hermetic walls that enclose an intimate and luminous space. The L-shaped plan of the Tragic Poet House, of the Labyrinth House and of the Silver Wedding House, would perhaps support and direct the theorization of habitat minimum concept: this is an essential, intimate living cell with a generous amount of natural light. This knowledge and reflections made in his youth would accompany the Master's production in many projects. However, it is perhaps in the project for the Hospital of Venice (1963) that they condense and assume a preponderant role. The domus, as cells, aggregate themselves around patios. These simple systems combined one to another, cling to the existing Venetian fabric whilst aligned in a cardo-decumanic order. With the same force of the domus they are introverted looking for intimacy and light.
- Italian Modern Architecture Between Rurality and Monumentality. The case study of the Italian New Towns as an experimental territory for the Modern Movement in ItalyPublication . MARGIONE, EmanuelaDuring the 30’s, the Fascist Party achieves its most significant territorial project: the reclamation of the Pontine Marshes and the construction of New Towns. In the same years starts the debate between modernity and tradition, that will characterize the whole history of modern Italian architecture, and the Fascist party obtains its highest approval trying to breathe life into a new Italian society full of new behaviours. This opens a new parenthesis within the debate of modern Italian architecture that not only has to find its own definition but must also be translated as State’s art. In this scenario, the founding cities of the Agro Pontino became the experimental territory for the Italian architects of the Modern era. The pivotal architect of the New Towns was Oriolo Frezzotti, chosen directly by Mussolini to build in 1932 the first new town, Latina, with a rural character and then in 1935, Pontinia where the architect abandoned the vernacular style to leave space to pure geometric shapes. So Frezzotti, in just two years, changed his language almost drastically, abandoning the architectural forms linked to the traditional rural style and approaching the "horizontal lines", symbol of architecture for human, and the "vertical lines" symbol of dictatorial monumentalism (Zevi 1950, 167) that will characterize the modern Italian architecture. To give the impetus for this transformation was the experience that Frezzotti made in 1934 collaborating on the project for Sabaudia known as the city of Italian rationalism. In light of this, this paper intends to analyse these urban artefacts understood as a tool capable of returning a material history of modern Italian architecture. So, through the urban and architectural analysis of the New towns, so through the study of the debate between rurality and monumentality, this paper intends to give a generic picture of modern Italian architecture.
- Casas florestais do concelho de Paredes de Coura: património a reabilitarPublication . Lages, Jorge Paulo Alvarenga; Sousa, Goreti; Correia, RuiA presente dissertação aborda o enquadramento das casas e do quartel florestal (acessos, enquadramento, estado de conservação, análise tipológica e sistema construtivo) como património do Estado Novo no concelho de Paredes de Coura. A pesquisa estabeleceu a componente histórica e cultural destes edifícios, a sua caraterização construtiva assim como a análise do estado atual dos edifícios do Estado Novo localizados no concelho de Paredes de Coura. Abordou-se o seu valor patrimonial, com recurso a uma reflexão acerca dos seus conceitos fundamentais, com base nos autores de referência, evolução fenomenológica e técnica, analisando as metodologias e os critérios de intervenção essenciais. A partir dos casos de referência, identificam-se os procedimentos de atuação e estratégias de reabilitação de edifícios do Estado Novo em Viana do Castelo, de forma a estabelecer uma estratégia de reabilitação para a casa florestal de Cerdeira, na freguesia de Cunha, concelho de Paredes de Coura. A metodologia do trabalho desenvolvido, é o estudo multicasos. É composto no total por três casos de estudo, que correspondem a intervenções em património do Estado Novo, analisados através de documentos quer sejam eles escritos ou fotográficos. Os três casos de estudo tratam da reabilitação de casas florestais e de uma escola primária com casa do professor, analisados através de fichas d o estado anterior e d o atual. No tratamento da informação realizar-se-á uma análise de dados qualitativa, da qual se obterão os princípios e critérios de intervenção para a elaboração da parte de projeto a realizar. Por último e considerando os objetivos programados e a metodologia utilizada, desenvolveu-se uma estratégia com a finalidade de reabilitar a Casa Florestal de Cunha, para Centro de Interpretação e Monitorização Ambiental uma vez que se constata que esse edifício constitui uma inegável mais valia histórica, cultural, arquitetónica, paisagística e social que importa preservar e valorizar.
- The settlements design of the Boalhosa’s agricultural colony. A dialectical perspective: between tradition and the construction of modernityPublication . MARCOLIN, PaoloThe design of the settlement in the Agricultural Colony of Boalhosa results from an understanding that privileges compact solutions, making the most of the conditions of the topography and respecting the morphology of the natural landscape. In turn, the architectures associated with this design were designed taking advantage of these conditions, considering them as a fundamental data of the preexistence. However, this understanding did not fail to concern itself with the principles of modern architecture, thus seeking solutions capable of establishing a relationship of continuity between tradition and innovation, between the roots of the vernacular and the paradigm of the modern. By valuing the site's specificities and exploring new technical possibilities, this search adopts a strategy that is typical of Critical Regionalism, to mediate the impact of universal civilization with elements derived indirectly from the peculiarities of a particular place (Frampton, 1983). Not excluding possible relationships with notable examples of the movements Garden City and City Beautiful, in the urban and architectural solution seems to prevail, above all, an attitude of adaptation to the place and agreement with the materials and language of the region.
- The Search for a Contemporary Finnish Architecture. Adaptations of the vernacular tupa in the oeuvre of Herman Gesellius, Armas Lindgren, Eliel Saarinen, and Alvar AaltoPublication . NEZIK, ChristinThe impact of vernacular architecture on Finnish architects in the early 20th century has been associated with the search for a national style and the construction of a national identity. However, the adaptation of the vernacular cannot only be seen from this nationalist point of view. Other reasons must be emphasized as well when explaining the exploration of the rural Finnish periphery since the late 19th century and the related interest in the vernacular building heritage. The need to find a contemporary architectural language that reflects modern life in an industrialized country, the attempt to escape the facade architecture of historicism and to achieve an architecture based on the requirements of life, the longing to return to a unity between nature, architecture and humans all explain the increasing interest in anonymous buildings of the periphery. The vernacular is understood as an alternative reservoir of forms and concepts. The discourse in 20th century Finland is reflected in the values attributed to vernacular buildings by the protagonists of the centre and forms the basis for their translation into modern architecture. In the process of adaptation, architectural qualities of the vernacular and international modern tendencies are combined. At the turn of the century, e.g. the vernacular tupa – the main room of the Finnish farmstead – is translated into the spatial concept living hall that originated from 19th century English country house architecture. In the 1930s-1950s, the tupa is used as a point of reference for an open floor plan according to a space continuum. The adaptation of the vernacular must be seen in the context of a reciprocal exchange of ideas, an international discourse about the vernacular throughout Europe and North America that Finnish architects participated in. Vernacularism must be understood as part of an ambiguous architectural modernity.
- REGIONALISM, NATIONALISM & MODERN ARCHITECTUREPublication . PIMENTEL, Jorge Cunha; TREVISAN, Alexandra; CARDOSO, AlexandraPALLINI, Cristina – Modern Architecture in the (re)Making of History. Schools and Museums in Greece, p. 11-23 PIMENTEL, Jorge Cunha – Rogério de Azevedo’s Regionalist Drift, p. 24-39 BIGHAM, Ashley – The Palace as Type. Finding Regionalism in Soviet Modernism, p. 41-53 CARVALHO, Rita Almeida de – The Junta de Colonização Interna and the shaping of the Estado Novo’s peasantry: newness and stagnation of the rural society, p. 54-62 CAPRESI, Vittoria – White Cubism Reloaded. The reinterpretation of Libyan Vernacular Architecture as the Answer to how to build in the Colony, p. 63-75 CESARO, Giorgia – Modernity from Far East. Kazuo Shinohara’s Fourth Space, p. 76-90 CRESCI, Edoardo – Piero Bottoni. Three houses on the Tyrrhenian Sea, p. 91-100 ESENWEIN, Fred – Agrarian Ideals in American Architecture Schools, p. 101-113 HSIAO, Leah – I. M. Pei’s Museum for Chinese Art, Shanghai, 1946. Modernism, regionalism and the search for an architectural representation of national identity, p. 114-127 JADRESIN MILIC, Renata; MADANOVIC, Milica – Romantic Visions vs. Rejection of Ideal Reconstruction, p. 128-143 JANOWSKI, Maciej – The patient searching of new forms of local architecture. Micro-intervention as the strategy of preservation of genius loci in Grison, p. 144-156 KLUSEMANN, Christian – Regionalism in GDR-Modernism of the 1960s and 1970s, p. 157-174 MAIA, Maria Helena; CARDOSO, Alexandra – Nationalism and Rural Modernization. The Spanish Tagus Valley colonization villages in the context of Southern European inner colonization, p. 175-189 MARCOLIN, Paolo – The settlements design of the Boalhosa’s agricultural colony. A dialectical perspective: between tradition and the construction of modernity, p. 190-201 MARGIONE, Emanuela – Italian Modern Architecture Between Rurality and Monumentality. The case study of the Italian New Towns as an experimental territory for the Modern Movement in Italy, p. 202-220 MARICCHIOLO, Luca – The Modern Appropriation of Urban Space Through Mediterranean Medinas, p. 221-236 MELA, Giulia – Luis Barragán and the invention of Mexican Regionalism, p. 237-249 NADOLNY, Adam – A diary of a polish architect and film maker from his travels to the west. Modern Italian architecture in the Polish documentaries dating back to the turn of the 1950s and 1960s, p. 250-264 NEZIK, Christin – The Search for a Contemporary Finnish Architecture. Adaptations of the vernacular tupa in the oeuvre of Herman Gesellius, Armas Lindgren, Eliel Saarinen, and Alvar Aalto, p. 265-280 OLIVEIRA, Tiago Cardoso de – Modern Architecture and Local Tradition in 1950`S Portuguese National Inns (Pousadas de Portugal), p. 281-295 PARRA-MARTINEZ, Jose; CROSSE, John – Lewis Mumford, Henry-Russell Hitchcock and the Rise of “Bay” Regionalism, p. 296-316 PEGIOUDIS, Nikos – An American ‘Parthenon’. Walter Gropius’s Athens US Embassy Building between Regionalism, International Style and National Identities, p. 317-329 PONZIO, Angelica – The [Latin] Modernism of Ponti, Costa and Barragán, p. 330-341 PRISTA, Marta Lalanda – Tradition and modernity in the Portuguese Inner Colonisation: the laboratorial case of Pegões, p. 342-355 ROMA, Chiara – The Space of Pompeian Domus towards Le Corbusier Hospital of Venice, p. 356-369 SAVAŞ, Ayşen – An Early Critique of International Modernism in the Anatolian Context, p. 370-381 SEBESTYÉN, Ágnes Anna – Disseminating the Regional within the Global. Representing Regionalist Ideas and the Global Scale of the Modern Movement in the Hungarian Journal ‘Tér és Forma’, p. 382-398 SIMON, Mariann; LACZÓ, Dániel – Deeply Embedded in Tradition. Interpretations of regional roots for modern Hungarian architecture in the 1960s, p. 399-411 SØBERG, Martin – Regionalism and the Functional Tradition in Danish Modern Architecture, p. 412-423 ŚWIT-JANKOWSKA, Barbara – The Polish Avant-Garde Architecture in the Interwar Period - Regionalism, Nationalism and Modern Architecture, p. 424-436 TERIBA, Adedoyin – Buildings Instead of Discourse. Empathy and Modern Architecture in West Africa, p. 437-448 TSAI, Jung-jen – The Construction of Chinese National Identity and the Designs of National Museums during the Early Post-war Period in Taiwan, p. 449-464 VIKHREVA, Natalia – The Roots of Brazilian Modern Architecture, p. 465-473
- The Polish Avant-Garde Architecture in the Interwar Period - Regionalism, Nationalism and Modern ArchitecturePublication . ŚWIT-JANKOWSKA, BarbaraThe article presents the most important Polish architectural achievements from this period and tries to answer the question: which connects regionalism, nationalism and modern architecture. The interwar period was extremely significant moment in the history of architecture. At that time, architectural design was in crisis. Historicism and eclecticism did not work in the post-industrial world. In many countries you can see the search for a new style, on the one hand, adequate for technological development, on the other hand - based on native traditions and referring to regional architecture. The Polish avant-garde architecture in the interwar period was a very interesting phenomenon. As in a nutshell, different trends have focused here - from the still widespread historicism to secession, from modern trends based on the experiences of leading modernists, such as Stanisław and Barbara Brukalscy, Szymon and Helena Syrkusowie, to the Zakopane style, made by Stanislaw Wyspiański. This period in Polish history of architecture not only radically changed the character of Polish city landscape and shaped further developments, it also transformed the experience of reality in a meaningful way. Despite its significant influence on the present shape of our lived environment the importance of the avant-garde remains poorly recognized. Modernist designers usually turned away from historical background, and at the same time they were intensively looking for a justification for the existence of theirs buildings. They tried to do something new and, simultaneously, were afraid of the reaction of society. Regional architecture, with its details and characteristic solutions, has often become the reference point for modern solutions.
- Evolución de la vivienda en el conjunto histórico de TuiPublication . Durán, Sofía González; Alcindor Huelva, Mónica; Jorge Duarte Carlos, GilbertoRESUMEN La arquitectura doméstica de los centros históricos en la actualidad es un tema vigente, ya que surge una preocupación por el abandono de ésta relacionada con la gentrificación. Por ello, una variable clave previa a cualquier actuación, comienza con el conocimiento del valor patrimonial residente en el conjunto histórico de Tui. El objeto de esta disertación es identificar el proceso de evolución del patrimonio doméstico en el centro histórico de Tui. A través de este análisis y de forma tangencial se augura conocer las causas de la constante degradación, tanto material como social. El primer objetivo trata de Contribuir para los inventarios existentes en el conjunto histórico de Tui, y así conocer el estado actual de la arquitectura doméstica, así como las edificaciones que la rodean. Primeramente, se diferencia el uso de todas ellas, para después, en las viviendas, obtener los datos de su estado de conservación, el año de su construcción y las vías de acceso. Estos datos se han introducido en el programa Arcmap para tener una actualización instantánea de los cambios que en el casco histórico va sufriendo. Para Identificar el proceso de evolución del patrimonio doméstico en el conjunto histórico de Tui se ha trabajado con estudios de caso comparativo. De los cuales se analizarán los parámetros marcados en los indicadores y con los datos extraídos de ambos objetivos se dará respuesta al último objetivo: Definir recomendaciones para la protección y valorización del patrimonio doméstico, recuadrando el valor de este patrimonio en el casco histórico de Tui, los cuales se podrán considerar a la hora de intervenir, para poder así tener en cuenta el conjunto y no sólo la edificación de forma individual. La metodología utilizada está dividida en dos fases: una primera fase que se corresponde con un mapeo arquitectónico, donde se analizan todas las edificaciones del casco histórico. Y una segunda fase donde se analizan los casos de estudio seleccionados a partir de los criterios definidos, primeramente de forma individual, para después realizar un análisis comparativo. Como resultado, tras el análisis y la convergencia de datos, se han podido establecer las condiciones finales sobre el estado actual de la ciudad y como este podría ser mejorado para que la vivienda no fuese abandonada y/o desvalorizada. Las viviendas del casco histórico de Tui han ido evolucionando hacia un cambio mayoritariamente interior, y no tanto exterior, lo cual en una visión de conjunto no se ha descaracterizado. Pero la intervención práctica fundamentada en un saber teórico es aconsejable por la comunidad científica. La urgencia de intervenir en el abandono del conjunto histórico, no puede justificar la toma de decisiones y acciones que destruyan la identidad, la cual se pretende preservar. Por eso, la relevancia en el establecimiento de decisiones informadas, que prioricen la recuperación de las técnicas constructivas y materiales tradicionales, adecuándolos a las exigencias del confort actual.
- Agrarian Ideals in American Architecture SchoolsPublication . ESENWEIN, FredIn the United States, the school stands out as a building type attempting to coalesce American modernism and agrarianism. Stylistically rural schools built since the mid-twentieth century are typically modern, yet a few hint at representing an agrarian ideology that has persisted from Thomas Jefferson. Two case studies topically illustrate changing attitudes of agrarianism as found in school architecture over the last 75 years - Richard Neutra’s unbuilt “School in the Neighborhood Center” (1944) and the Buckingham County Primary + Elementary School (2012) in Virginia by VMDO Architects. The former school appears at the transition from schools built for small towns to city suburbs while trying to preserve and embody aspects of a Jeffersonian agrarian society, a political orientation. The latter school design is a recent school project in a rural county expressing the qualities of the local land, an ecological orientation. Together, these schools suggest some possibilities and limits of associating agrarianism with architecture.
- Romantic Visions vs. Rejection of Ideal ReconstructionPublication . JADRESIN MILIC, Renata; MADANOVIC, MilicaAlmost half a century after Romanticist fervor dwindled, a highly distinguished Serbian architect and architectural historian, Aleksandar Deroko, infused it with new life in his theoretical and design oeuvre. Significantly contributing to the history of 20th century architecture in former Yugoslavia, Deroko merged romanticist deep appreciation of history with the rationality of modern design methodology. Rastko Petrovic, a Serbian poet, diplomat, and art critic was Deroko’s faithful companion during his theoretical wanderings and ventures to the remote parts of the Balkans. The architect and the poet were both children of their own age. They personally knew Guillaume Apollinaire, James Joyce, Picasso, and were close to the Parisian Dadaist circle. On the other side, their approach to the study of the past deeply resonated with a romantic sentiment. Deroko’s particular methodological approach to architectural history and design was based on the deep understanding of tradition and on supposition that it is possible to accumulate knowledge of the elements of good design. This paper employs the example of the Church of Saint Sava in Belgrade, one of the largest Orthodox churches in the world, to explore the relations between Deroko’s romantic visions and ways of using tradition in the construction of modernity. Furthermore, the role Petrovic’s ideas played in development of Deroko’s design methodology will be examined. The writer’s novels and their content will be discussed to explain the union of romantic vision of remote, unapproachable medieval monasteries, with strong rationalism and realism in approach to preservation and protection of historical monuments. The paper will investigate contemporaneity of an argument that Deroko’s methodological approach to architectural history does not recognize innovation as a virtue, and raises the question that each epoch is characterized by a complex set of conflicting and harmonizing tendencies simultaneously.