Browsing by Author "Marques, Hernâni"
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- An Update on the Implications of New Psychoactive Substances in Public HealthPublication . Simão, Ana Y.; Antunes, Mónica; Cabral, Emanuel; Oliveira, Patrik; Rosendo, Luana M.; Brinca, Ana Teresa; Alves, Estefânia; Marques, Hernâni; Rosado, Tiago; Passarinha, Luís A.; Andraus, Maristela; Barroso, Mário; Gallardo, EugeniaThe emergence of new psychoactive substances has earned a great deal of attention, and several reports of acute poisoning and deaths have been issued involving, for instance, synthetic opiates. In recent years, there have been profound alterations in the legislation concerning consumption, marketing, and synthesis of these compounds; rapid alert systems have also been subject to changes, and new substances and new markets, mainly through the internet, have appeared. Their effects and how they originate in consumers are still mostly unknown, primarily in what concerns chronic toxicity. This review intends to provide a detailed description of these substances from the point of view of consumption, toxicokinetics, and health consequences, including case reports on intoxications in order to help researchers and public health agents working daily in this area.
- Analysis of opiates in urine using microextraction by packed sorbent and gas Chromatography- Tandem mass spectrometryPublication . Simão, Ana Y.; Monteiro, Catarina; Marques, Hernâni; Rosado, Tiago; Margalho, Cláudia; Barroso, Mário; Andraus, Maristela; Gallardo, EugeniaOpiates recreational consumption has always been a concern in society, public health, and in clinical toxicology analysis. The aim of this study was to develop and fully validate an analytical method, which was simple and rapid for the determination of tramadol, codeine, morphine, 6- acetylcodeine, 6-monoacetylmorphine and fentanyl using gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The procedure includes the use of microextraction by packed sorbent for sample clean-up. A mixed mode sorbent was used, allowing the minimal use of solvents. The method was validated in urine samples, with the ability to detect and quantify all analytes with satisfactory linearity (in the range of 1 – 1000 ng/mL for all analytes, except for fentanyl (10–1000 ng/mL)). Extraction efficiency varied from 17 to 107%, which did not impair sensitivity, taking into account the low LLOQs obtained (1 ng/ mL for all analytes; and 10 ng/mL for fentanyl). The developed procedure proved to be fast, selective, and accurate for use in routine analysis, with a low volume of sample (250 µL).
- Optimization and validation of a procedure using the dried saliva spots approach for the determination of tobacco markers in oral fluidPublication . Marques, Hernâni; Rosado, Tiago; Barroso, Mário; Passarinha, Luis; Gallardo, EugeniaExposure to tobacco smoke is one of the most common causes of premature death worldwide and is the cause of 8 million deaths annually. We have developed, optimized, and validated a procedure for the detection of nicotine, cotinine and trans-3-hydroxycotinine (biomarkers of tobacco exposure) in oral fluid using the dried saliva spots sampling approach and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, thus allowing the distinction between active and passive smokers. For optimization, four parameters were evaluated, namely extraction solvent, extraction solvent volume, extraction time and spots drying time. During method validation, the parameters selectivity, linearity, precision and accuracy, recovery, stability, and dilution factor were assessed. Linearity was obtained for all target analytes in the concentration range of 10–200 ng/mL allowing the quantification of compounds up to 1000 ng/mL considering the dilution factor. The method recoveries ranged from 29.2% to 43.30% for nicotine, 66.60–89.10% for cotinine and 80.30–92.80% for trans-3-hydroxycotinine, while achieving intra-day, inter-day and intermediate precision and accuracy values never higher than 10.37% and ±6.62% respectively for all compounds. The herein described analytical method is the first to allow the determination of tobacco biomarkers in oral fluid using dried saliva spots, which is considered a sensitive, simple and low-cost alternative to conventional methods.
- Optimization and validation of an analytical method for the determination of opiates in urine using microextraction by packed sorbentPublication . Simão, Ana Y.; Monteiro, Catarina; Marques, Hernâni; Rosado, Tiago; Barroso, Mário; Andraus, Maristela; Gallardo, EugeniaAccording to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), approximately 1.3 million individuals have used opiates, both for medical and illicit purposes1, presenting a significant public health challenge2,3. To address this issue, methods for quantifying these substances are needed. Urine is a commonly employed matrix in clinical and forensic toxicological analyses due to its ease of collection and ample availability. Its short detection window is particularly effective for monitoring recent drug exposure4,5. This study aimed to optimize a method for determining tramadol, codeine, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, 6- acetylcodeine, and fentanyl in urine samples (250 μL). The process involved centrifugation, acid hydrolysis, and extraction using microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS). MEPS offered a rapid, environmentally friendly, and reusable extraction technique6. All parameters that influence the extraction were previously optimized. The method was validated following international guidelines, demonstrating excellent linearity [1 to 1000 ng/mL for all compounds, except for fentanyl (10 to 1000 ng/mL), with coefficients of determination of at least 0.99], and presenting coefficients of variation and bias ≤ 15% for precision and accuracy, except for the lowest calibrator (≤ 20%). Recoveries obtained ranged from 17 to 107%, with lowest percentages for morphine (12 to 17%). Despite the low extraction efficiency obtained for morphine, it was possible to detect concentrations as low as 1 ng/mL for all compounds, except for fentanyl (10 ng/mL). The method was successfully applied to real samples from consumers of these substances. This is the first method to use MEPS and GC-MS/MS for the simultaneous determination of these six opioids in urine samples.