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A comprehensive ecotoxicological evaluation of a treated olive mill wastewater and obtained sludge

2025-08Contributo em revista Acesso aberto
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datacite.subject.fosCiências Agrárias::Outras Ciências Agrárias
datacite.subject.sdg12:Produção e Consumo Sustentáveis
dc.contributor.authorPinto, José N.
dc.contributor.authorPereira, Andreia
dc.contributor.authorSilva, Ana Rita. R.
dc.contributor.authorCardoso, Diogo N.
dc.contributor.authorMostafaie, Amid
dc.contributor.authorCampos, Fábio
dc.contributor.authorRehan, Iryna
dc.contributor.authorMoreira, Olga
dc.contributor.authorLopes, Ivã Guidini
dc.contributor.authorMurta, Daniel
dc.contributor.authorAfonso, Alexandra
dc.contributor.authorOliveira, Margarida
dc.contributor.authorSilvério, Karina S.
dc.contributor.authorSantos, Maria Teresa
dc.contributor.authorCarvalho, Fátima
dc.contributor.authorAlmeida, Adelaide
dc.contributor.authorLoureiro, Susana
dc.date.accessioned2026-04-27T11:50:35Z
dc.date.available2026-04-27T11:50:35Z
dc.date.issued2025-08
dc.description.abstractOlive mill wastewaters (OMWWs) are an environmental problem in the Mediterranean region, and it is crucial to explore strategies for their treatment and repurposing. The chemical precipitation technique (CPT) has been presented as a cost-effective wastewater treatment solution that might be applied to OMWW. The CPT-resulting precipitant subproducts (sludge) may be reprocessed (e.g., agricultural fertilizer and/or soil amendment), while the treated wastewater may be repurposed or reused (e.g., irrigation, aquaponic, or industrial processes). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of CPT in treating wastewater from the olive oil industry from an ecotoxicological perspective. Additionally, to assess the safe use of the obtained sludge in CPT treatment, its effects on soil biota were assessed. For this, a set of ecotoxicological assays using freshwater (Raphidocelis subcapitata, Daphnia magna and Danio rerio), terrestrial invertebrates (Folsomia candida and Enchytraeus crypticus), and plants (Brassica oleracea and Lolium perenne) were used as model organisms. Results demonstrated that CPT reduced OMWW toxicity to freshwater organisms, offering a favorable outlook on CPT’s potential as a wastewater treatment method. Increasing application rates of sludge in soil reduced the shoot biomass and the hydric content of both plants compared to the control. Survival of F. candida and E. crypticus was not affected by sludge in soil at any tested application rate, yet sludge application negatively affected the reproduction of both species, even at relevant sludge application rates (2%) of sludge in soils. Overall, the applicability of this sludge obtained by the CPT treatment in soils should be carefully evaluated due to the observed adverse effects on soil biota. Although the results of CPT were promising in reducing the toxicity of OMWW for these aquatic species, some adjustments/improvements should be performed to improve this technique and use all the obtained resources (treated water and sludge) in a fully circular perspective.eng
dc.identifier.citationPinto JN, Pereira A, Silva ARR, Cardoso DN, Mostafaie A, Campos F, Rehan I, Moreira O, Lopes IG, Murta D, et al. A Comprehensive Ecotoxicological Evaluation of a Treated Olive Mill Wastewater and Obtained Sludge. Toxics. 2025; 13(8):648. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13080648
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/toxics13080648
dc.identifier.issn2305-6304
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/62891
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.relation.hasversionhttps://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13080648
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectolive mill wastewater
dc.subjectchemical precipitation technique
dc.subjectwastewater treatment
dc.subjectecotoxicological effects
dc.subjectsoil safety
dc.subjectcircularity
dc.titleA comprehensive ecotoxicological evaluation of a treated olive mill wastewater and obtained sludgeeng
dc.typecontribution to journal
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.issue8
oaire.citation.startPage648
oaire.citation.titleToxics
oaire.citation.volume13
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85

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