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Publication
MDMA e a neurotoxicidade: uma revisão sistemática
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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Introdução: A 3,4-Metilenodioximetanfetamina, abreviada por MDMA, é vulgarmente designada de Ecstasy ou Molly, é uma substância sintética psicoactiva derivada das anfetaminas, potencialmente abusiva e com caracter ilegal. Devido à sua estrutura química, a MDMA revela elevada afinidade para vários neurorreceptores e transportadores, revelando como consequência um complexo mecanismo de acção.
As alterações químicas cerebrais que a MDMA induz produzem igualmente efeitos adversos dependentes da dose e do tempo de consumo. A importância da serotonina no funcionamento cerebral levanta questões sobre a possibilidade de o consumo de MDMA induzir neurotoxicidade, ainda mais quando a MDMA pode se encontrar associada com o consumo de outras substâncias de abuso.
Objectivo: Pretende-se identificar a relação entre MDMA e outras substâncias abusivas e viciantes e elucidar que o uso concomitante das mesmas tem a capacidade de induzir neurotoxicidade.
Métodos: A revisão sistemática apresentada foi elaborada segundo os critérios inseridos nas normas PRISMA. A recolha de literatura científica utilizada teve como suporte de pesquisa as bases de dados PubMed®, ScienceDirect® e PsycINFO®. Os artigos seleccionados deveriam ser publicados entre as datas 2011 a 2021 (inclusive), contendo as palavras-chave escolhidas para a pesquisa dos tópicos em questão. A
pesquisa, selecção e redacção da presente revisão foram realizadas de forma independente pela autora.
Discussão: A MDMA promove neurotoxicidade que pode ser explicada por diferentes mecanismos como a hipertermia, o metabolismo intrínseco da MDMA, stress oxidativo e a desregulação do metabolismo energético por via da disfunção mitocondrial. Esta neurotoxicidade pode ser a causa de diversas patologias neuropsiquiátricas encontradas em consumidores de estupefacientes como o MDMA.
Conclusão: O consumo abusivo e prolongado de MDMA tem como contrapartida a neurotoxicidade que resulta na perda de neurónios monoamínicos com efeitos devastadores para o sistema nervoso central. Carece-se a realização de investigações com cenários clínicos para diferenciar a presença quaisquer factores de confusão tais como o uso de outras drogas psicoestimulantes e a existência de patologias mentais pré-existentes nos indivíduos.
Introduction: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, abbreviated to MDMA, is commonly known as Ecstasy or Molly; it’s a synthetic psychoactive substance derived from amphetamines, potentially abusive, and illegal. Due to its chemical structure, MDMA shows high affinity for various neuroreceptors and transporters, revealing, as a consequence, a complex mechanism of action. The chemical brain changes that MDMA induces also produce adverse effects depending on the dose and time of consumption. The importance of serotonin in brain function raises questions about the possibility of MDMA consumption causing neurotoxicity, even more so when MDMA may be associated with the consumption of other substances of abuse. Objective: To identify the relationship between MDMA and other substances of abuse and addiction and elucidate that concomitant use has the ability to induce neurotoxicity. Methods: The presented systematic review was prepared according to the criteria included in the PRISMA standards. The scientific literature collection used had the PubMed®, ScienceDirect® and PsycINFO® databases as a search support. The selected articles had to be published between the dates 2011 to 2021 (inclusive), containing the keywords chosen for the research of the topics in question. The research, selection and writing of the present review were carried out independently by the author. Discussion: MDMA promotes neurotoxicity that can be explained by different mechanisms such as hyperthermia, intrinsic metabolism of MDMAs, oxidative stress, and dysregulation of energy metabolism via mitochondrial dysfunction. This neurotoxicity may be the cause of several neuropsychiatric pathologies found in users of narcotic drugs like MDMA. Conclusion: Long-term abuse of MDMA is countered by neurotoxicity, resulting in the loss of monoamine neurons and devastating effects on the central nervous system. Investigations in clinical settings are needed to differentiate the presence of any confounding factors, such as the use of other psychostimulant drugs and the existence of pre-existing mental pathologies in individuals.
Introduction: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, abbreviated to MDMA, is commonly known as Ecstasy or Molly; it’s a synthetic psychoactive substance derived from amphetamines, potentially abusive, and illegal. Due to its chemical structure, MDMA shows high affinity for various neuroreceptors and transporters, revealing, as a consequence, a complex mechanism of action. The chemical brain changes that MDMA induces also produce adverse effects depending on the dose and time of consumption. The importance of serotonin in brain function raises questions about the possibility of MDMA consumption causing neurotoxicity, even more so when MDMA may be associated with the consumption of other substances of abuse. Objective: To identify the relationship between MDMA and other substances of abuse and addiction and elucidate that concomitant use has the ability to induce neurotoxicity. Methods: The presented systematic review was prepared according to the criteria included in the PRISMA standards. The scientific literature collection used had the PubMed®, ScienceDirect® and PsycINFO® databases as a search support. The selected articles had to be published between the dates 2011 to 2021 (inclusive), containing the keywords chosen for the research of the topics in question. The research, selection and writing of the present review were carried out independently by the author. Discussion: MDMA promotes neurotoxicity that can be explained by different mechanisms such as hyperthermia, intrinsic metabolism of MDMAs, oxidative stress, and dysregulation of energy metabolism via mitochondrial dysfunction. This neurotoxicity may be the cause of several neuropsychiatric pathologies found in users of narcotic drugs like MDMA. Conclusion: Long-term abuse of MDMA is countered by neurotoxicity, resulting in the loss of monoamine neurons and devastating effects on the central nervous system. Investigations in clinical settings are needed to differentiate the presence of any confounding factors, such as the use of other psychostimulant drugs and the existence of pre-existing mental pathologies in individuals.
Description
Keywords
MDMA Neurotoxicidade Psicopatologia Interacções Psicoestimulantes Neurotoxicity Psychopathology Interactions Psychostimulants