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Design and optimisation components for a top drive drilling machine according with oil and natural gas standards
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As pessoas fora da indústria do petróleo acreditam que a maioria dos poços de petróleo e gás são perfurados verticalmente. Aqueles dias fáceis de extrair petróleo e gás de simples poços verticais acabaram. Alguns poços direccionais apresentam desvios de até 70 graus em relação à vertical e o poço direccional mais perfurado é o horizontal que faz 90 graus em relação à vertical. Os tempos difíceis no campo de exploração estão a chegar. As atividades em águas profundas têm aumentado nos últimos anos, à medida que as reservas mundiais de petróleo estão a esgotar-se. A procura de petróleo está a aumentar e a linha entre o sucesso e o fracasso é marginal. Por isso a indústria de perfuração avança ainda mais para águas mais profundas, ampliando ao máximo os limites da engenharia, da economia e das novas tecnologias. No entanto, quanto mais fundo, mais desafiante se torna devido às limitações em termos de instalações, operacionais e meteorológicas. Vários problemas surgem em águas profundas tornando-se muito difícil a perfuração em termos de acessibilidade. Em águas profundas são consideradas duas categorias principais de problemas. A primeira categoria são os problemas associados às instalações de perfuração, enquanto a segunda são os associados às operações. Estamos a perfurar alvos menores e, nos últimos anos, o custo da plataforma, as taxas das empresas de serviços e os materiais aumentaram significativamente de acordo com o preço do petróleo. O desenvolvimento e produção de petróleo e gás natural envolve um processo complexo, composto por diversas etapas que dependem de diversos factores de risco. Hoje em dia, devido à sua volatilidade e importância nos mercados internacionais, está em constante mudança, evolução e aperfeiçoamento tecnológico. Pelo menos até 2013, foram perfurados 4 milhões de poços em terra no mundo, o que faz com que os operadores procurem fontes de petróleo em alto mar, a um ritmo e profundidade cada vez maiores. Definitivamente, a produção de petróleo é um trabalho desafiante em termos de ambiente de produção e custo, mas enquanto os métodos de produção forem continuamente melhorados, não será um processo muito caro. Considerando apenas o crescimento do consumo, o petróleo continua a ser importante, pelo menos durante as próximas décadas. Embora também precisemos procurar fontes de energia renováveis por enquanto precisamos simplesmente de tudo o que temos, incluindo o petróleo. A perfuração é a principal ferramenta para extrair petróleo das rochas subterrâneas. Existem muitos ensaios experimentais e estudos feitos para melhorar a tecnologia de perfuração, o que reduzirá os custos de perfuração e aumentará a taxa de sucesso na localização do petróleo. Portanto, práticas otimizadas e equipamentos com pessoal altamente qualificado são obrigatórios.
Neste projeto o objetivo foi desenhar, dimensionar e optimizar alguns dos componentes estruturais de uma máquina perfuradora, Top Drive que é um dos equipamentos da plataforma.
People outside the oil and gas industry believe that most oil and gas wells are drilled vertically. Those easy days of extracting oil and gas from simple vertical wells are gone. Some directional wells have deviations of as much as 70 degrees to the vertical and the most drilled directional well is horizontal which makes around 90 degrees from the vertical [1], [2], [3]. The hard times are coming for the exploration and development field. Deepwater activities have been on the increase in recent years as the world’s oil reserves are being depleted. The petroleum demand is increasing and the line between success and failure is marginal. Thus, the drilling industry moves further into deeper waters, stretching the limits of engineering, economics and new technology to the maximum. However, the deeper we go the more challenging it becomes due to limitations in terms of facilities, operational and weather. Several problems encountered in the deepwater make it very difficult in terms of accessibility for drilling. Two major categories of problems in deepwater are considered. The first category is the problems associated with drilling facilities while the second are those associated with operations [4]. We are drilling smaller targets and over the last few years, rig cost, service company rates and materials have gone up significantly in accordance with the oil price [5]. The development and production of oil & natural gas holds a complex process, consisting of various steps depending on several risk factors. Nowadays, due to its volatility and importance in international markets, it is under constant change, evolution and technological improvement. At least until 2013, there were 4 million wells drilled onshore in the world, which is making operators seek sources of oil in offshore environments, at an increasing pace and depth [6]. Definitely, the production of oil is a challenging job in terms of production environment and cost but as long as the production methods are being continuously enhanced it won’t be a much expensive process. When just considering the growth in consumption, oil remains important at least for the next few decades. Although we also need to search for renewable energy sources but for time being we simply need everything that we have. So, it concludes oil. Drilling is the primary tool for extracting oil from the subsurface rocks. There are many experiments and studies done for the improvement of drilling technology which will lower the drilling costs and increase the rate of success in finding the oil. So, optimized practices and equipment with highly qualified personnel are mandatory [7]. In this project, the goal was to design and optimise some of the structural components of a Top Drive drilling machine which is one of the equipment in the rig.
People outside the oil and gas industry believe that most oil and gas wells are drilled vertically. Those easy days of extracting oil and gas from simple vertical wells are gone. Some directional wells have deviations of as much as 70 degrees to the vertical and the most drilled directional well is horizontal which makes around 90 degrees from the vertical [1], [2], [3]. The hard times are coming for the exploration and development field. Deepwater activities have been on the increase in recent years as the world’s oil reserves are being depleted. The petroleum demand is increasing and the line between success and failure is marginal. Thus, the drilling industry moves further into deeper waters, stretching the limits of engineering, economics and new technology to the maximum. However, the deeper we go the more challenging it becomes due to limitations in terms of facilities, operational and weather. Several problems encountered in the deepwater make it very difficult in terms of accessibility for drilling. Two major categories of problems in deepwater are considered. The first category is the problems associated with drilling facilities while the second are those associated with operations [4]. We are drilling smaller targets and over the last few years, rig cost, service company rates and materials have gone up significantly in accordance with the oil price [5]. The development and production of oil & natural gas holds a complex process, consisting of various steps depending on several risk factors. Nowadays, due to its volatility and importance in international markets, it is under constant change, evolution and technological improvement. At least until 2013, there were 4 million wells drilled onshore in the world, which is making operators seek sources of oil in offshore environments, at an increasing pace and depth [6]. Definitely, the production of oil is a challenging job in terms of production environment and cost but as long as the production methods are being continuously enhanced it won’t be a much expensive process. When just considering the growth in consumption, oil remains important at least for the next few decades. Although we also need to search for renewable energy sources but for time being we simply need everything that we have. So, it concludes oil. Drilling is the primary tool for extracting oil from the subsurface rocks. There are many experiments and studies done for the improvement of drilling technology which will lower the drilling costs and increase the rate of success in finding the oil. So, optimized practices and equipment with highly qualified personnel are mandatory [7]. In this project, the goal was to design and optimise some of the structural components of a Top Drive drilling machine which is one of the equipment in the rig.
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Máquina perfuradora optimização indústria offshore Top drive drilling machine optimisation offshore industry
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Sem licença CC