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Publication
Impacto a longo prazo do uso de medicamentos em crianças com transtorno do défice de atenção e hiperatividade
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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
A perturbação de défice de atenção e hiperatividade (AHDH) é uma perturbação crónica do desenvolvimento neurológico (Santé mentale au Québec, 1997). Esta perturbação é complexa e multifatorial, envolvendo os sistemas dopaminérgicos, serotoninérgicos e noradrenérgicos. O sistema dopaminérgico é o mais diretamente envolvido no ADHD, especialmente alguns recetores dopaminérgicos, nomeadamente os recetores D1 a D5
(Wu et al., 2012). Alguns estudos sobre a ADHD sugerem que a perturbação psiquiátrica pode ter uma base hereditária. Por exemplo, a mutação do gene SNAP-25 é responsável por cerca de 60 a 90 % dos casos (Liu et., al 2017). A prevalência global da ADHD nas crianças está estimada em cerca de 5% (Prayez et al., 2012). Os indivíduos de sexo masculino são mais predispostos a esta doença (Gaub & Carlson., 1997). Existem vários tipos de ADHD, nomeadamente desatenção, hiperatividade e os dois combinados (Schoemaker et al., 2012). No tratamento medicamentoso do ADHD podem ser prescritos medicamentos estimulantes e não estimulantes (Mechler et al., 2022). O consenso científico sobre a utilização de estimulantes para tratar crianças hiperativas fundamenta-se nas observações de que estes medicamentos têm um efeito calmante sobre o comportamento disruptivo e melhoram o desempenho em tarefas repetitivas a curto prazo.
Contudo os efeitos da utilização prolongada destes medicamentos permanecem incertos (Stacey et al., 2018). O objetivo desta revisão narrativa científica é reunir um número significativo de trabalhos sobre os efeitos do consumo prolongado de medicamentos para a ADHD, utilizados em crianças com défice de atenção e hiperatividade, e ainda qual a função do farmacêutico nessa interação. Para a revisão bibliográfica serão pesquisadas as bases de dados Pubmed, Cochrane, Google Scholar, Biomed-central, MedlinePlus com
as seguintes palavras-chave: ADHD, anfetaminas, fatores de risco. Como critérios iniciais de inclusão foram considerados a publicação em língua inglesa, francesa e portuguesa.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder (Santé mentale au Québec, 1997). This disorder is complex and multifactorial, involving the dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems. The dopaminergic system is the most directly involved in ADHD, especially certain dopaminergic receptors, specifically receptors D1 to D5 (Wu et al., 2012). Some studies on ADHD suggest that the psychiatric disorder may have a hereditary basis. For instance, the mutation of the SNAP-25 gene is responsible for around 60 to 90% of cases (Liu et al., 2017). The global prevalence of ADHD in children is estimated to be around 5% (Prayez et al., 2012). Males are more predisposed to this condition (Gaub & Carlson, 1997). There are various types of ADHD, namely inattention, hyperactivity, and the combined type (Schoemaker et al., 2012). In the pharmacological treatment of ADHD, both stimulant and non-stimulant medications may be prescribed (Mechler et al., 2022). The scientific consensus on the use of stimulants to treat hyperactive children is based on observations that these medications have a calming effect on disruptive behaviour and improve performance in repetitive tasks in the short term. However, the effects of prolonged use of these medications remain uncertain (Stacey et al., 2018). The aim of this scientific narrative review is to gather a significant number of studies on the effects of prolonged use of medication for ADHD in children with attention deficit and hyperactivity, as well as to explore the pharmacist's role in this interaction. For the literature review, the following databases will be searched: PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar, BioMed Central, and MedlinePlus, using the following keywords: ADHD, amphetamines, risk factors. The initial inclusion criteria considered are publications in English, French, and Portuguese.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder (Santé mentale au Québec, 1997). This disorder is complex and multifactorial, involving the dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems. The dopaminergic system is the most directly involved in ADHD, especially certain dopaminergic receptors, specifically receptors D1 to D5 (Wu et al., 2012). Some studies on ADHD suggest that the psychiatric disorder may have a hereditary basis. For instance, the mutation of the SNAP-25 gene is responsible for around 60 to 90% of cases (Liu et al., 2017). The global prevalence of ADHD in children is estimated to be around 5% (Prayez et al., 2012). Males are more predisposed to this condition (Gaub & Carlson, 1997). There are various types of ADHD, namely inattention, hyperactivity, and the combined type (Schoemaker et al., 2012). In the pharmacological treatment of ADHD, both stimulant and non-stimulant medications may be prescribed (Mechler et al., 2022). The scientific consensus on the use of stimulants to treat hyperactive children is based on observations that these medications have a calming effect on disruptive behaviour and improve performance in repetitive tasks in the short term. However, the effects of prolonged use of these medications remain uncertain (Stacey et al., 2018). The aim of this scientific narrative review is to gather a significant number of studies on the effects of prolonged use of medication for ADHD in children with attention deficit and hyperactivity, as well as to explore the pharmacist's role in this interaction. For the literature review, the following databases will be searched: PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar, BioMed Central, and MedlinePlus, using the following keywords: ADHD, amphetamines, risk factors. The initial inclusion criteria considered are publications in English, French, and Portuguese.
Description
Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz
Keywords
ADHD Dopaminérgicos Metilfenidato SNAP-25