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Resumo(s)
Objetivo: A fenda palatina não sindrómica isolada (FPNS) é uma malformação craniofacial complexa. Historicamente agrupada com as fendas labiopalatinas, evidências recentes sugerem que a FPNS possui uma etiologia distinta. O objetivo principal desta revisão sistemática é sintetizar a literatura atual sobre as interações entre os fatores genéticos e ambientais, bem como as manifestações oro-dentárias específicas associadas a esta malformação.
Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura seguindo as diretrizes PRISMA, focada em artigos que isolam clinicamente o fenótipo da fenda palatina não sindrómica.
Resultados: A evidência confirma que a FPNS constitui uma entidade etiológica independente. A nível genético, variantes em genes como PAX9, CRISPLD2, PDGFRA e FOXP1 estão consistentemente associadas ao seu desenvolvimento. O gene IRF6 revela um efeito pleiotrópico paradoxal, aumentando o risco de fenda palatina enquanto atua como protetor contra a fenda labial. Ambientalmente, o risco aumenta com o tabagismo, a hipertermia e a exposição a toxinas, enquanto a suplementação multivitamínica atua como fator protetor. Na vertente oro-dentária, a FPNS afeta drasticamente o desenvolvimento dentário; a agenesia (37,1%) e o taurodontismo (com prevalência até 67%) destacam-se como as anomalias primárias, frequentemente acompanhadas por retrusão mandibular (Classe II esquelética).
Conclusão: A FPNS apresenta uma arquitetura genética, uma suscetibilidade ambiental e uma expressão oro-dentária únicas. A elevada complexidade e prevalência de anomalias dentárias sublinham a centralidade da Medicina Dentária no diagnóstico e na reabilitação destas crianças, abrindo caminho para a medicina personalizada e o aconselhamento genético.
Objective: Isolated non-syndromic cleft palate (NSCPO) is a complex craniofacial malformation. Historically grouped with cleft lip and palate, recent evidence suggests that NSCPO has a distinct etiology. The main objective of this systematic review is to synthesize current literature on the interactions between genetic and environmental factors, as well as the specific oro-dental manifestations associated with this malformation. Methodology: A systematic literature review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, focusing on articles that clinically isolate the non-syndromic cleft palate phenotype. Results: Evidence confirms that NSCPO constitutes an independent etiologic entity. At the genetic level, variants in genes such as PAX9, CRISPLD2, PDGFRA, and FOXP1 are consistently associated with its development. The IRF6 gene reveals a paradoxical pleiotropic effect, increasing the risk of cleft palate while acting as a protective factor against cleft lip. Environmentally, the risk increases with smoking, hyperthermia, and exposure to toxins, whereas multivitamin supplementation acts as a protective factor. In terms of oro-dental aspects, NSCPO drastically affects dental development; tooth agenesis (37.1%) and taurodontism (with a prevalence up to 67%) stand out as the primary anomalies, frequently accompanied by mandibular retrusion (Skeletal Class II). Conclusion: An integrated understanding of the interactions between genetics and the environment in CPO is crucial. The translation of this scientific knowledge will allow the development of more personalized medicine, with targeted genetic counselling and optimized multidisciplinary clinical intervention, highlighting the fundamental role of the dentist in the functional and aesthetic rehabilitation of these patients.
Objective: Isolated non-syndromic cleft palate (NSCPO) is a complex craniofacial malformation. Historically grouped with cleft lip and palate, recent evidence suggests that NSCPO has a distinct etiology. The main objective of this systematic review is to synthesize current literature on the interactions between genetic and environmental factors, as well as the specific oro-dental manifestations associated with this malformation. Methodology: A systematic literature review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, focusing on articles that clinically isolate the non-syndromic cleft palate phenotype. Results: Evidence confirms that NSCPO constitutes an independent etiologic entity. At the genetic level, variants in genes such as PAX9, CRISPLD2, PDGFRA, and FOXP1 are consistently associated with its development. The IRF6 gene reveals a paradoxical pleiotropic effect, increasing the risk of cleft palate while acting as a protective factor against cleft lip. Environmentally, the risk increases with smoking, hyperthermia, and exposure to toxins, whereas multivitamin supplementation acts as a protective factor. In terms of oro-dental aspects, NSCPO drastically affects dental development; tooth agenesis (37.1%) and taurodontism (with a prevalence up to 67%) stand out as the primary anomalies, frequently accompanied by mandibular retrusion (Skeletal Class II). Conclusion: An integrated understanding of the interactions between genetics and the environment in CPO is crucial. The translation of this scientific knowledge will allow the development of more personalized medicine, with targeted genetic counselling and optimized multidisciplinary clinical intervention, highlighting the fundamental role of the dentist in the functional and aesthetic rehabilitation of these patients.
Descrição
Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz
Palavras-chave
Fenda palatina não sindrómica Fatores genéticos Fatores ambientais Anomalias dentárias Revisão sistemática
