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Enterobíase : impacto nas crianças e estratégias de prevenção
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A enterobiose é uma infeção parasitária intestinal provocada pelo nematódo Enterobius vermicularis, caracterizada por uma elevada transmissibilidade em contextos coletivos, como escolas e jardins de infância, afetando sobretudo crianças. Apesar de evidências arqueológicas milenares, esta parasitose continua a ser um desafio relevante para a saúde pública.
Esta monografia analisa a persistência histórica e a prevalência atual da infeção, principalmente, em populações pediátricas, descrevendo sintomas, fatores de risco e estratégias de prevenção e controlo.
A metodologia baseou-se numa revisão de literatura e na análise de dados epidemiológicos recentes, complementada por diferentes estudos de caso.
Os resultados apontam para uma prevalência significativa da enterobíase em contextos de vulnerabilidade socioeconómica, com impacto direto na qualidade de vida infantil, traduzido em prurido anal noturno, perturbações do sono e défices de atenção.
Identificaram-se como fatores de risco a insuficiência de práticas de higiene e o contacto próximo com indivíduos infetados.
O tratamento com antiparasitários - como mebendazol, albendazol ou pirantel - mantém-se eficaz, sendo reforçado pela evidência de alternativas fitoterápicas, como o extrato de Zizyphus Spina-Christi L., que demonstrou eficácia na redução de ovos e na melhoria de parâmetros hematológicos. Destaca-se ainda a importância do tratamento simultâneo de todos os membros do agregado familiar para evitar reinfeções.
A principal contribuição deste trabalho reside na análise comparativa e crítica das estratégias de prevenção e controlo ao longo do tempo, evidenciando a relevância da educação para a higiene, da higienização regular de vestuário e roupa de cama, bem como da vigilância epidemiológica proativa. A integração de dados históricos, clínicos e socio comportamentais confere uma perspetiva abrangente sobre o controlo da infeção.
Conclui-se que estratégias integradas de saúde pública - que combinem programas educacionais, promoção de hábitos de higiene, melhorias das infraestruturas escolares e políticas de vigilância ativa - são essenciais para reduzir a incidência da enterobiose em crianças.
Enterobiasis is an intestinal parasitic infection caused by the nematode Enterobius vermicularis, characterized by high transmissibility in collective settings such as schools and kindergartens, mainly affecting children. Despite millennia-old archaeological evidence, this parasitic infection remains a significant public health challenge. This monograph analyses the historical persistence and the current prevalence of the infection, mainly in paediatric populations, describing symptoms, risk factors, and prevention and control strategies. The methodology was based on a literature review and the analysis of recent epidemiological data, complemented by different case studies. The results indicate a significant prevalence of enterobiasis in contexts of socioeconomic vulnerability, with a direct impact on children’s quality of life, expressed through nocturnal anal pruritus, sleep disturbances, and attention deficits. Identified risk factors include insufficient hygiene practices and close contact with infected individuals. Treatment with antiparasitic agents - such as mebendazole, albendazole, or pyrantel - remains effective, reinforced by evidence of phytotherapeutic alternatives such as Zizyphus spina-christi L. extract, which has demonstrated efficacy in reducing egg counts and improving haematological parameters. The importance of treating all members of the household simultaneously to prevent reinfections is also highlighted. The main contribution of this work lies in the comparative and critical analysis of prevention and control strategies over time, highlighting the relevance of hygiene education, the regular cleaning of clothing and bedding, as well as proactive epidemiological surveillance. The integration of historical, clinical, and sociobehavioural data provides a comprehensive perspective on infection control. It is concluded that integrated public health strategies - combining educational programmes, the promotion of hygiene habits, improvements in school infrastructure, and active surveillance policies - are essential to reduce the incidence of enterobiasis in children.
Enterobiasis is an intestinal parasitic infection caused by the nematode Enterobius vermicularis, characterized by high transmissibility in collective settings such as schools and kindergartens, mainly affecting children. Despite millennia-old archaeological evidence, this parasitic infection remains a significant public health challenge. This monograph analyses the historical persistence and the current prevalence of the infection, mainly in paediatric populations, describing symptoms, risk factors, and prevention and control strategies. The methodology was based on a literature review and the analysis of recent epidemiological data, complemented by different case studies. The results indicate a significant prevalence of enterobiasis in contexts of socioeconomic vulnerability, with a direct impact on children’s quality of life, expressed through nocturnal anal pruritus, sleep disturbances, and attention deficits. Identified risk factors include insufficient hygiene practices and close contact with infected individuals. Treatment with antiparasitic agents - such as mebendazole, albendazole, or pyrantel - remains effective, reinforced by evidence of phytotherapeutic alternatives such as Zizyphus spina-christi L. extract, which has demonstrated efficacy in reducing egg counts and improving haematological parameters. The importance of treating all members of the household simultaneously to prevent reinfections is also highlighted. The main contribution of this work lies in the comparative and critical analysis of prevention and control strategies over time, highlighting the relevance of hygiene education, the regular cleaning of clothing and bedding, as well as proactive epidemiological surveillance. The integration of historical, clinical, and sociobehavioural data provides a comprehensive perspective on infection control. It is concluded that integrated public health strategies - combining educational programmes, the promotion of hygiene habits, improvements in school infrastructure, and active surveillance policies - are essential to reduce the incidence of enterobiasis in children.
Descrição
Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz
Palavras-chave
Enterobiose Crianças Prevenção Controlo