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Sistemas de fachadas: A integração do design para conforto e eficiência energética em edifícios
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A investigação parte do reconhecimento da fachada enquanto interface energética determinante para o
desempenho energético e ambiental dos edifícios e para o bem-estar dos seus utilizadores. Perante a
pressão das alterações climáticas, da escalada dos custos operacionais e da necessidade de reduzir
emissões, coloca-se a questão central: Pode a intervenção do design de produto na envolvente
arquitetónica proporcionar maior conforto e eficiência energética? Assume-se, como hipótese,
soluções de fachadas baseadas em estratégias passivas e com sistemas responsivos conseguem efetivar
ganhos térmicos, otimizar luz natural e reduzir cargas de climatização sem comprometer a coerência
do edifício.
Metodologicamente, recorreu-se a um percurso multimétodo que articula no estado da arte, a revisão
literária e documental, análise comparada de soluções vernaculares e biomiméticas em estudos de caso
internacionais com fachadas cinéticas e a auscultação do setor por inquérito e entrevistas
semiestruturadas a arquitetos, engenheiros e designers. Complementarmente, sistematizaram-se
princípios mecânicos replicáveis em sistemas de sombreamento e regulação da envolvente,
culminando no protótipo COBOLEJO, com vista à sua transposição para soluções exequíveis, de
baixo consumo e manutenção acessível. Esta triangulação permitiu confrontar teoria, prática e
perceções profissionais, gerando critérios verificáveis para projeto e avaliação.
Os resultados indicam que elementos tradicionais como cobogó, muxarabi, jali e shōji, quando
reinterpretados com apoio do design paramétrico e de materiais contemporâneos, oferecem base
técnica robusta para o controlo passivo de radiação, ventilação e iluminação, fundamentando as
decisões de desenho do COBOLEJO. A análise de estudos de casos com fachadas responsivas
evidenciou reduções expressivas de ganhos solares e de necessidades de arrefecimento quando a
estratégia é ajustada ao clima, à orientação e ao uso. A auscultação profissional revelou barreiras
recorrentes, nomeadamente o investimento inicial e o défice de conhecimento operacional, ao mesmo
tempo que assinala predisposição crescente para integrar o desempenho ambiental desde as fases
iniciais do projeto. Deste quadro resultou um conjunto de diretrizes que privilegiam a
compatibilização de conforto visual e térmico, a racionalidade construtiva, a durabilidade em exterior
e a monitorização simples do comportamento da ""pele"" do edifício.
A principal contribuição deste trabalho consiste na consolidação de um enquadramento metodológico
e num corpo de critérios para o desenho de elementos estruturais, modulares, aplicáveis às fachadas enquanto sistemas ativos de mediação climática, materializada no COBOLEJO, capazes de alinhar
sustentabilidade, arquitetura e design com ganhos tangíveis de eficiência energética e habitabilidade.
Ao oferecer referências, métricas e requisitos de projeto aplicáveis tanto à obra nova como à
reabilitação, a investigação fornece um roteiro prático para intervenções que conciliem identidade
cultural, desempenho ambiental e viabilidade técnica, reforçando o papel do design como motor de
transformação no ambiente construído e de geração de melhor performance.
The research begins by recognising the façade as a decisive energy interface for the energy and environmental performance of buildings and for the well-being of their users. In the face of climate change pressures, escalating operating costs, and the need to reduce emissions, the central question arises: Can product design intervention in the architectural envelope provide greater comfort and energy efficiency? The hypothesis is that façade solutions based on passive strategies and responsive systems such as COBOLEJO can deliver thermal benefits, optimise natural light, and reduce conditioning loads without compromising the coherence of the building. Methodologically, a multimethod path was adopted that articulates, at the level of the state of the art, the literature and documentary review, comparative analysis of vernacular and biomimetic solutions in international case studies with kinetic façades, and sector consultation through a survey and semi structured interviews with architects, engineers, and designers. Complementarily, replicable mechanical principles were systematised for shading and envelope regulation systems, culminating in the COBOLEJO prototype, with a view to their translation into feasible, low-consumption solutions with accessible maintenance. This triangulation made it possible to confront theory, practice, and professional perceptions, generating verifiable criteria for design and evaluation. The results indicate that traditional elements such as cobogó, muxarabi, jali, and shōji, when reinterpreted with support from parametric design and contemporary materials, provide a robust technical basis for the passive control of radiation, ventilation, and lighting, thereby underpinning the design decisions of COBOLEJO. The analysis of case studies with responsive façades evidenced expressive reductions in solar gains and cooling needs when the strategy is adjusted to climate, orientation, and use. The professional consultation revealed recurring barriers, namely initial investment and a deficit of operational knowledge, while at the same time signalling a growing predisposition to integrate environmental performance from the earliest stages of the design process. From this picture resulted a set of guidelines that privileges the compatibilisation of visual and thermal comfort, constructive rationality, durability in exterior conditions, and simple monitoring of the behaviour of the building’s “skin”. The principal contribution of this work consists in the consolidation of a methodological framework and a body of criteria for the design of structural, modular elements applicable to façades as active systems of climatic mediation, materialised in COBOLEJO, capable of aligning sustainability, architecture, and design with tangible gains in energy efficiency and habitability. By offering references, metrics, and design requirements applicable to both new construction and rehabilitation, the research provides a practical roadmap for interventions that reconcile cultural identity, environmental performance, and technical feasibility, reinforcing the role of design as a driver of transformation in the built environment and of generating improved performance.
The research begins by recognising the façade as a decisive energy interface for the energy and environmental performance of buildings and for the well-being of their users. In the face of climate change pressures, escalating operating costs, and the need to reduce emissions, the central question arises: Can product design intervention in the architectural envelope provide greater comfort and energy efficiency? The hypothesis is that façade solutions based on passive strategies and responsive systems such as COBOLEJO can deliver thermal benefits, optimise natural light, and reduce conditioning loads without compromising the coherence of the building. Methodologically, a multimethod path was adopted that articulates, at the level of the state of the art, the literature and documentary review, comparative analysis of vernacular and biomimetic solutions in international case studies with kinetic façades, and sector consultation through a survey and semi structured interviews with architects, engineers, and designers. Complementarily, replicable mechanical principles were systematised for shading and envelope regulation systems, culminating in the COBOLEJO prototype, with a view to their translation into feasible, low-consumption solutions with accessible maintenance. This triangulation made it possible to confront theory, practice, and professional perceptions, generating verifiable criteria for design and evaluation. The results indicate that traditional elements such as cobogó, muxarabi, jali, and shōji, when reinterpreted with support from parametric design and contemporary materials, provide a robust technical basis for the passive control of radiation, ventilation, and lighting, thereby underpinning the design decisions of COBOLEJO. The analysis of case studies with responsive façades evidenced expressive reductions in solar gains and cooling needs when the strategy is adjusted to climate, orientation, and use. The professional consultation revealed recurring barriers, namely initial investment and a deficit of operational knowledge, while at the same time signalling a growing predisposition to integrate environmental performance from the earliest stages of the design process. From this picture resulted a set of guidelines that privileges the compatibilisation of visual and thermal comfort, constructive rationality, durability in exterior conditions, and simple monitoring of the behaviour of the building’s “skin”. The principal contribution of this work consists in the consolidation of a methodological framework and a body of criteria for the design of structural, modular elements applicable to façades as active systems of climatic mediation, materialised in COBOLEJO, capable of aligning sustainability, architecture, and design with tangible gains in energy efficiency and habitability. By offering references, metrics, and design requirements applicable to both new construction and rehabilitation, the research provides a practical roadmap for interventions that reconcile cultural identity, environmental performance, and technical feasibility, reinforcing the role of design as a driver of transformation in the built environment and of generating improved performance.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Sustentabilidade Fachadas Conforto Arquitetura e design Eficiência energética