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Contrarradicalização e segurança no espaço europeu: análise comparativa
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Os atentados terroristas de índole jihadista que ocorreram na Europa, entre 2004 e o presente ano, despertaram os meios políticos, de segurança e os media para a temática do terrorismo doméstico. Associada a este tipo de terrorismo, surgiu, inevitavelmente, a discussão sobre a radicalização individual e grupal como possível explicação para o processo que, no limite, leva a que indivíduos nascidos e criados nos países europeus levem a cabo atos de violência política no país de onde são originários. Deste modo, sensivelmente há uma década que vários países europeus implementaram estratégias e iniciativas de contrarradicalização, como complemento às medidas repressivas e disruptivas, características do contraterrorismo. Este esforço tem como principal objetivo, na generalidade dos países, detetar indivíduos e grupos em processo de radicalização e evitar que estes processos se desenrolem no sentido da violência. Neste trabalho, analisamos as estratégias de contrarradicalização de três países – Reino Unido, Holanda e Dinamarca – assim como algumas iniciativas concretas que surgiram enquadradas por estas estratégias. Procuramos estudar a implementação e evolução destas políticas, a perceção na população- alvo e nos atores que a implementam, assim como o seu papel na dinâmica do próprio fenómeno da radicalização. Concluímos que as avaliações das estratégias e dos programas são escassas e, quando existem, centram-se, principalmente, na quantidade de iniciativas levadas a cabo (outputs) e não nos resultados (outcomes). Os resultados das estratégias e de algumas iniciativas são contraditórios e difusos, fruto não só da inexistência de avaliações, como também da natureza dos poucos estudos que procuram avaliar a perceção e impacto das iniciativas, que são de natureza qualitativa e não permitem, por isso, a generalização de resultados. Apesar disso, as estratégias parecem ter seguido tendências similares e enfrentado, também, desafios comuns, nos três países analisados.
The jihadist terror attacks that took place in Europe, between 2004 and the current year aroused the political and security arena, as well as the media for the homegrown terrorism. Associated with this type of phenomenon emerged, inevitably, the discussion of individual and group radicalization as a possible explanation for the process that, ultimately, leads individuals born and raised in European countries to carry out acts of political violence in the country where they were born. Therefore, for about a decade, several European countries have implemented counter-radicalization strategies and initiatives, in addition to the repressive and disruptive measures that compose the traditional counterterrorism. These efforts aim, in most countries, to detect individuals and groups that are in a radicalization process and avoid that these processes develop towards violence. This study analyzes the counter-radicalization strategies of three countries - the United Kingdom, Netherlands and Denmark – together with some concrete initiatives that are framed by these strategies. We seek to study the development and implementation of these policies, their role in the dynamics of the phenomenon of radicalization, as well as the perception of the target population and the actors that work in this area. We conclude that the strategies and program assessments are rare and, when they exist, the focus is mainly on the outputs and not the outcomes. Thus, the strategies and some initiative results are contradictory and fuzzy, due to the lack of evaluation. Also, the few studies that seek to evaluate the perception and impact of these initiatives are qualitative and, therefore, do not allow generalization of their results. Nevertheless, the strategies appear to have followed similar trends and, also, faced common challenges in the three countries.
The jihadist terror attacks that took place in Europe, between 2004 and the current year aroused the political and security arena, as well as the media for the homegrown terrorism. Associated with this type of phenomenon emerged, inevitably, the discussion of individual and group radicalization as a possible explanation for the process that, ultimately, leads individuals born and raised in European countries to carry out acts of political violence in the country where they were born. Therefore, for about a decade, several European countries have implemented counter-radicalization strategies and initiatives, in addition to the repressive and disruptive measures that compose the traditional counterterrorism. These efforts aim, in most countries, to detect individuals and groups that are in a radicalization process and avoid that these processes develop towards violence. This study analyzes the counter-radicalization strategies of three countries - the United Kingdom, Netherlands and Denmark – together with some concrete initiatives that are framed by these strategies. We seek to study the development and implementation of these policies, their role in the dynamics of the phenomenon of radicalization, as well as the perception of the target population and the actors that work in this area. We conclude that the strategies and program assessments are rare and, when they exist, the focus is mainly on the outputs and not the outcomes. Thus, the strategies and some initiative results are contradictory and fuzzy, due to the lack of evaluation. Also, the few studies that seek to evaluate the perception and impact of these initiatives are qualitative and, therefore, do not allow generalization of their results. Nevertheless, the strategies appear to have followed similar trends and, also, faced common challenges in the three countries.
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Contraterrorismo Terrorismo Radicalização Europa Segurança Interna