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Papel da saliva na imunidade da cavidade oral
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Abstract(s)
A cavidade oral é uma estrutura biológica complexa com uma anatomofisiologia característica.
A saliva total é um fluido biológico secretado pelas glândulas salivares major (parótida, submandibular e sublingual) e por algumas glândulas salivares minor ao qual se junta o fluido crevicular. Apresenta uma variedade de compostos, nomeadamente: água, eletrólitos, enzimas e proteínas, algumas destas com propriedades imunológicas. Este biofluido desempenha múltiplas funções na cavidade oral, tais como: proteção/defesa antibacteriana, manutenção do pH oral, integridade dentária e da mucosa oral, ajuda na lubrificação, mastigação, deglutição, digestão e solubilização de alimentos. Além disso, a saliva pode ser também utilizada nas várias ciências “ómicas”, para uma medicina mais personalizada: genómica, transcriptómica, proteómica, metabolómica, interactómica e fisiómica que, no caso específico da cavidade oral, se designa por oralómica.
O sistema imunitário é constituído por várias moléculas, células, tecidos e órgãos que, no seu conjunto, identificam e atuam contra ameaças ao organismo. Existem dois importantes tipos de imunidade: a imunidade inata, que forma a primeira e imediata linha de defesa do organismo, em que atuam diversos mediadores celulares e moleculares; e a imunidade adaptativa, também designada de adquirida ou específica, que desencadeia respostas mediadas por células B e T e anticorpos, de modo a produzir uma resposta protetora mais específica, eficaz e duradoura.
A saliva tem uma importante influência a nível da imunidade da cavidade oral, sendo que existem na sua composição determinados biomarcadores imunológicos, nomeadamente: citocinas, proteína C-reativa (PCR), metaloproteinases da matriz (MMPs) e imunoglobulinas (Ig). Nesta classe, evidencia-se a presença da IgA, que se encontra em elevada quantidade na saliva. Este anticorpo atua na proteção da mucosa oral, com importantes propriedades antimicrobianas.
The oral cavity is a complex biological structure with a characteristic anatomophysiology. Whole saliva is a biological fluid secreted by the major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular and sublingual) and by some minor salivary glands to which crevicular fluid is added. It presents a variety of compounds, namely: water, electrolytes, enzymes and proteins, some of which have immune properties. This biofluid performs multiple functions in the oral cavity, such as: antibacterial protection/defence, maintenance of oral pH, dental integrity and oral mucosa, helps with lubrication, chewing, swallowing, digestion and solubilization of food. In addition, saliva can also be used in the various “omics” sciences, for a more personalized medicine: genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, interactomics and physiomics which, in the specific case of the oral cavity, is called oralomics. The immune system is made up of several molecules, cells, tissues and organs that, as a whole, identify and act against threats to the body. There are two important types of immunity: innate immunity, which forms the the body's first and immediate line of defense, in which several cellular and molecular mediators act; and adaptive immunity, also called acquired or specific immunity, which triggers responses mediated by B and T cells and antibodies, in order to produce a more specific, effective and lasting protective response. Saliva has an important influence on the immunity of the oral cavity, with certain immune biomarkers in its composition, namely: cytokines, C-reactive protein (PCR), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and immunoglobulins (Ig). In this class, the presence of IgA is evident, which is found in high amounts in saliva. This antibody acts to protect the oral mucosa, with important antimicrobial properties.
The oral cavity is a complex biological structure with a characteristic anatomophysiology. Whole saliva is a biological fluid secreted by the major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular and sublingual) and by some minor salivary glands to which crevicular fluid is added. It presents a variety of compounds, namely: water, electrolytes, enzymes and proteins, some of which have immune properties. This biofluid performs multiple functions in the oral cavity, such as: antibacterial protection/defence, maintenance of oral pH, dental integrity and oral mucosa, helps with lubrication, chewing, swallowing, digestion and solubilization of food. In addition, saliva can also be used in the various “omics” sciences, for a more personalized medicine: genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, interactomics and physiomics which, in the specific case of the oral cavity, is called oralomics. The immune system is made up of several molecules, cells, tissues and organs that, as a whole, identify and act against threats to the body. There are two important types of immunity: innate immunity, which forms the the body's first and immediate line of defense, in which several cellular and molecular mediators act; and adaptive immunity, also called acquired or specific immunity, which triggers responses mediated by B and T cells and antibodies, in order to produce a more specific, effective and lasting protective response. Saliva has an important influence on the immunity of the oral cavity, with certain immune biomarkers in its composition, namely: cytokines, C-reactive protein (PCR), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and immunoglobulins (Ig). In this class, the presence of IgA is evident, which is found in high amounts in saliva. This antibody acts to protect the oral mucosa, with important antimicrobial properties.
Description
Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz
Keywords
Saliva Imunidade Biomarcadores imunológicos Cavidade oral