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A paralisia do Conselho de Segurança causada pelo veto: estudo de caso: o conflito na Síria (2011-2019)
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O Conselho de Segurança da Organização das Nações Unidas apresenta-se, no panorama internacional, como um dos organismos dotados de maior poder coercivo. Nele estão incumbidas responsabilidades únicas e de vital importância para o Mundo na manutenção da paz e segurança mundiais.
Este órgão, criado em simultâneo à Organização das Nações Unidas, sofreu poucas alterações à sua génese e modus operandi desde o momento da sua criação, em 1945. O estatuto dos P-5 manteve-se inalterado ao longo da história do Conselho. As divergências históricas entre os membros deste grupo paralisam o CS devido à possibilidade de os mesmos vetarem propostas emanadas do CS.
A guerra na Síria demonstra que a incapacidade do CS de ultrapassar as divergências entre os P-5 o inibiu de tomar as acções necessárias para impedir uma escalada do conflito. A Rússia e a China mantiveram a posição da não ingerência nos assuntos internos de Estado, bloqueando medidas assertivas por parte do Conselho de Segurança.
As propostas existentes de reforma do CS revelam-se insuficientes e a indisponibilidade dos P-5 de permitirem mudanças na ONU e no CS impossibilitam uma resolução para a paralisia do CS causada pela utilização do veto. Os mecanismos de suspensão do veto e o Código de Conduta são ineficazes se não existir um comprometimento dos P-5. As reformas do CS dependem directamente da vontade dos P-5 de as aceitarem e aplicarem.
A utilização do veto em situações onde atrocidades e crimes contra a Humanidade são uma evidência ou uma possibilidade é inconsistente com a missão da ONU. O Mundo actual e maioria Estados não aceitam que os 5 ven-cedores de 1945 mantenham privilégios especiais, principalmente se os P-5 se revelarem incapazes de proteger os mais fundamentais Direitos Humanos. A Responsabilidade de Proteger e o Código de Conduta procuram que os mem-bros permanentes do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas se abste-nham de vetar toda e qualquer resolução relacionada com crimes contra a Humanidade.
A presente dissertação pretende contribuir para a discussão académica em torno da reforma do CS e do veto.
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) stands out, in the International scene, as one of the most powerful and coercive organisations, due to its unique job and responsibility for keeping the world peace and security. The Security Council and the United Nations were created simultaneously in 1945, and it has suffered few changes to its structure and modus operandi since then. The Status of the P-5 remained unchanged throughout the history of the UNSC. The historic differences between the members of this group have paralyzed this organisation under the threat of the use of veto over the Council proposals. The War on Syria is showing the inability of the UNSC to bypass the differences among the P-5, not taking the necessary measures to avoid a further escalation of the conflict. Russia and China have kept their position of not interfering on National affairs, therefore blocking assertive measures from the UNSC to stop the war on Syria. The on-going proposals for the UNSC reformation reveal insufficient and the unavailability of the P-5 members to allow changes on the UN and UNSC make it impossible to solve the paralysis of the Council, caused by the power of veto. The mechanisms to suspend this power and the Code of Conduct are inefficient if a commitment from the P-5 does not exist. UNSC reforms depend directly on the will of these countries to accept and apply these reforms. The use of the veto on situations where atrocities and crimes against Humanity are an evidence, or a strong possibility, is irresponsible and does not reflect the mission of the UN. The modern world and the majority of the States do not accept that the 5 winners of the Second World War maintain special privileges, especially if these countries reveal themselves unable to protect the most basic Human Rights. The Responsibility to Protect and the Code of Con-duct aim to refrain the P5 power to veto whenever a crime against Humanity is perpetrated. This thesis seeks to contribute to the academic discussion around the UNSC reform and the use of the veto.
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) stands out, in the International scene, as one of the most powerful and coercive organisations, due to its unique job and responsibility for keeping the world peace and security. The Security Council and the United Nations were created simultaneously in 1945, and it has suffered few changes to its structure and modus operandi since then. The Status of the P-5 remained unchanged throughout the history of the UNSC. The historic differences between the members of this group have paralyzed this organisation under the threat of the use of veto over the Council proposals. The War on Syria is showing the inability of the UNSC to bypass the differences among the P-5, not taking the necessary measures to avoid a further escalation of the conflict. Russia and China have kept their position of not interfering on National affairs, therefore blocking assertive measures from the UNSC to stop the war on Syria. The on-going proposals for the UNSC reformation reveal insufficient and the unavailability of the P-5 members to allow changes on the UN and UNSC make it impossible to solve the paralysis of the Council, caused by the power of veto. The mechanisms to suspend this power and the Code of Conduct are inefficient if a commitment from the P-5 does not exist. UNSC reforms depend directly on the will of these countries to accept and apply these reforms. The use of the veto on situations where atrocities and crimes against Humanity are an evidence, or a strong possibility, is irresponsible and does not reflect the mission of the UN. The modern world and the majority of the States do not accept that the 5 winners of the Second World War maintain special privileges, especially if these countries reveal themselves unable to protect the most basic Human Rights. The Responsibility to Protect and the Code of Con-duct aim to refrain the P5 power to veto whenever a crime against Humanity is perpetrated. This thesis seeks to contribute to the academic discussion around the UNSC reform and the use of the veto.
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ONU CSNU Segurança Paz Reforma Veto Síria UN UNSC Security Peace Reform Veto Syria
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Academia da Força Aérea