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Liberdade de expressão e discurso de ódio: limites jurídicos à propaganda extremista
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Resumo(s)
A crescente visibilidade do discurso de ódio e da propaganda extremista no espaço público contemporâneo, intensificada pela expansão do ambiente digital, coloca desafios relevantes ao Direito, em particular quanto à delimitação dos limites da liberdade de expressão. No ordenamento jurídico português, esta problemática assume especial expressão no artigo 240.º do Código Penal, relativo ao crime de discriminação e incitamento ao ódio e à violência, cuja aplicação suscita dificuldades interpretativas associadas à tutela simultânea da dignidade da pessoa humana e da liberdade de expressão numa sociedade democrática pluralista. A presente dissertação analisa o enquadramento jurídico e jurisprudencial aplicável, através de uma metodologia jurídico-dogmática, complementada por análise jurisprudencial e de direito comparado. O estudo analisa criticamente a jurisprudência do Tribunal Europeu dos Direitos Humanos, particularmente no que respeita aos critérios de delimitação entre discurso protegido e discurso suscetível de restrição legítima, bem como às dificuldades da sua transposição para o ordenamento português. A análise da jurisprudência nacional evidencia uma evolução gradual na aplicação do artigo 240.º do Código Penal, embora persistam hesitações quanto ao limiar de intervenção penal, sobretudo na modalidade de incitamento ao ódio. A investigação identifica dificuldades interpretativas e limitações estruturais no regime vigente, propondo, em resposta, critérios de densificação interpretativa do tipo legal e uma eventual reformulação legislativa orientada para reforçar a coerência e eficácia da tutela penal.
The growing visibility of hate speech and extremist propaganda in the contemporary public sphere, intensified by the expansion of the digital environment, poses significant challenges to the law, particularly regarding the delimitation of the limits of freedom of expression. Within the Portuguese legal system, this issue finds particular expression in Article 240 of the Portuguese Criminal Code, concerning the offence of discrimination and incitement to hatred and violence, whose application raises interpretative difficulties associated with the simultaneous protection of human dignity and freedom of expression in a pluralistic democratic society.This dissertation analyses the applicable legal and jurisprudential framework through a legal-dogmatic methodology, complemented by jurisprudential and comparative law analysis. The study critically examines the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, particularly with regard to the criteria used to distinguish protected speech from speech liable to legitimate restriction, as well as the difficulties involved in transposing those criteria into the Portuguese legal system.The analysis of national case law reveals a gradual evolution in the application of Article 240 of the Portuguese Criminal Code, although uncertainties persist concerning the threshold for criminal intervention, especially in relation to the offence of incitement to hatred. The research identifies interpretative difficulties and structural limitations within the current legal framework and, in response, proposes criteria for the interpretative clarification of the legal provision, together with a possible legislative reform aimed at strengthening the coherence and effectiveness of criminal protection.
The growing visibility of hate speech and extremist propaganda in the contemporary public sphere, intensified by the expansion of the digital environment, poses significant challenges to the law, particularly regarding the delimitation of the limits of freedom of expression. Within the Portuguese legal system, this issue finds particular expression in Article 240 of the Portuguese Criminal Code, concerning the offence of discrimination and incitement to hatred and violence, whose application raises interpretative difficulties associated with the simultaneous protection of human dignity and freedom of expression in a pluralistic democratic society.This dissertation analyses the applicable legal and jurisprudential framework through a legal-dogmatic methodology, complemented by jurisprudential and comparative law analysis. The study critically examines the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, particularly with regard to the criteria used to distinguish protected speech from speech liable to legitimate restriction, as well as the difficulties involved in transposing those criteria into the Portuguese legal system.The analysis of national case law reveals a gradual evolution in the application of Article 240 of the Portuguese Criminal Code, although uncertainties persist concerning the threshold for criminal intervention, especially in relation to the offence of incitement to hatred. The research identifies interpretative difficulties and structural limitations within the current legal framework and, in response, proposes criteria for the interpretative clarification of the legal provision, together with a possible legislative reform aimed at strengthening the coherence and effectiveness of criminal protection.
Descrição
Mestrado em Ciências Policiais – Curso de Formação de Oficiais de Policia
Palavras-chave
discurso de ódio liberdade de expressão propaganda extremista incitamento ao ódio Hate speech freedom of expression extremist propaganda incitement to hatred