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Abstract(s)
O início do século XXI trouxe consigo várias alterações ao caráter da guerra contemporânea, estas deram origem a diversos debates com o objetivo de desenvolver conceitos e linhas de ação relativos a estas "novas guerras".
Este novo formato de guerra assenta na teoria da guerra híbrida. Este conceito surgiu por volta dos anos 2000, na altura em que as grandes potências militares ocidentais se encontravam envolvidas em ambientes operacionais complexos e desafiantes. Todavia, este tipo de conflito não é uma novidade, ao longo da história são vários os exemplos onde é possível observar vestígios da guerra híbrida.
Contudo os adversários dos dias de hoje são mais sofisticados, utilizam todas as formas de guerra e de táticas, por vezes de forma simultânea, de modo a conseguirem atingir os seus objetivos. Assim, a separação dos conflitos em convencionais, irregulares e terroristas vai-se tornando cada vez menos correta.
Desde o ataque ao USS Cole no Iémen em 2000, através de uma semirrígida carregada de explosivos que a Marinha Portuguesa se manteve atenta a este tipo de ameaça acabando por liderar o desenvolvimento do ATP 74 (Allied Tactical Publication) - Force Potection aggainst Asymmetric Threats e o projeto NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Harbour Protection, essenciais na luta contra as ameaças híbridas.
No entanto, foi após a anexação ilegal da Crimeia por parte da Rússia em 2014, que a NATO e a EU (European Union) começaram a demonstrar uma maior preocupação relativamente a este tipo de ameaça.
Assim, a guerra híbrida representa um elevado desafio a vários níveis para a Aliança e para os Aliados, que terão de responder com estratégias claras e abrangentes.
The beginning of the 21st century brought several changes to the contemporary war, those changes leaded to several debates, which aimed to develop new concepts and line action related to this “new wars”. This new parameters are inserted in the Hybrid War Theory. This concept came up in 2000, time in which the great western military powers were involved in complex and defiant operational environments. However, this kind of conflict is not new, during the History there are several examples in which we can see trace elements of the Hybrid War. Nowadays opponents are more sophisticated, they use all ways of war and tactics, sometimes simultaneal in a way to reach their goals, this way, the separated conflicts with different approaches (conventional, irregular and terrorist) which are less frequent. Since the attack to the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, through a small boat full of explosives the Portuguese Navy kept an eye on this kind of threat leading to the development of ATP 74 – Force Protection Against Asymmetric Threats and the project of NATO Harbour Protection, essential on the fight against hybrid threats. However, it was after illegal fixation of Crimea by Russia on 2014 that NATO and the EU began to show a larger concern about this kind of threat. This way the Hybrid War represents a high challenge to the several levels to the Alliance and for Allies, which will have to respond with clear and comprehensive strategies.
The beginning of the 21st century brought several changes to the contemporary war, those changes leaded to several debates, which aimed to develop new concepts and line action related to this “new wars”. This new parameters are inserted in the Hybrid War Theory. This concept came up in 2000, time in which the great western military powers were involved in complex and defiant operational environments. However, this kind of conflict is not new, during the History there are several examples in which we can see trace elements of the Hybrid War. Nowadays opponents are more sophisticated, they use all ways of war and tactics, sometimes simultaneal in a way to reach their goals, this way, the separated conflicts with different approaches (conventional, irregular and terrorist) which are less frequent. Since the attack to the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, through a small boat full of explosives the Portuguese Navy kept an eye on this kind of threat leading to the development of ATP 74 – Force Protection Against Asymmetric Threats and the project of NATO Harbour Protection, essential on the fight against hybrid threats. However, it was after illegal fixation of Crimea by Russia on 2014 that NATO and the EU began to show a larger concern about this kind of threat. This way the Hybrid War represents a high challenge to the several levels to the Alliance and for Allies, which will have to respond with clear and comprehensive strategies.
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Keywords
Guerra híbrida; Marinha Portuguesa; NATO; EU Hybrid War; Portuguese Navy; NATO; EU