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Cybersecurity for space applications
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A Humanidade, ao longo dos tempos, tem feito progressos significativos, no que respeita a um conhecimento mais apurado do Espaço, quer em termos científicos quer tecnológicos como por exemplo, comunicarmo-nos entre longas distâncias graças aos satélites em orbita do planeta Terra, exploração de outros corpos celestes através do lançamento de rovers ou até mesmo descobrir a origem do Universo usando telescópios terrestres e orbitais observando vizinhas e distantes galáxias. Torna-se, pois, determinante garantir a cibersegurança dos sistemas espaciais contra as ciberameaças, protegendo o nosso modo de vida.
Desde a era da Guerra Fria, a exploração espacial foi amplamente dominada pelos Estados Unidos e a antiga União Soviética que possuíam os recursos e “know-how” para desenvolver satélites e colocá-los em orbita, garantindo que todo esse processo fosse o mais secreto possível (segurança através da obscuridade), para garantir a segurança. No entanto, os avanços na tecnologia, especialmente na computação e digitalização, diminuíram os custos de produção dos satélites, abrindo as portas da Exploração Espacial a novas entidades, aumentando as suas vulnerabilidades a ataques cibernéticos, como consequência. Nos últimos anos, a cibersegurança surgiu como uma preocupação significativa no domínio espacial, impactando o controlo dos satélites, os objetivos da missão, a integridade dos ativos e a segurança das comunicações.
A cibersegurança no espaço (segmento terrestre e espacial) é um campo em desenvolvimento, carecendo do estabelecimento de práticas ou com práticas existentes limitadas, tecnologias, metodologias, processos, ferramentas ou normas, estando á mercê de ciberataques como jamming, spoofing ou ataques do tipo engenharia social. Não obstante, tem vindo a ganhar impulso devido às crescentes exigências dos clientes e à incorporação gradual de preocupações de cibersegurança nas normas de desenvolvimento. A Agência Espacial Europeia, por exemplo, está a abordar a cibersegurança nas atualizações da sua norma de engenharia espacial de software ECSS-E-ST-40C e também na qualidade do software ECSS-Q-ST-80C.
Este documento detalha um estágio de mestrado integrado na Área do Espaço da Critical Software, com foco no estudo de como proteger os sistemas espaciais contra as ciberameaças. O estágio envolve a pesquisa de ameaças específicas do domínio do Espaço e outros semelhantes (automóvel, ferrovia e aviação), o estado-da-arte em cibersegurança, tecnologias de sistemas e proposta de práticas, tecnologias, metodologias, processos, ferramentas ou mesmo requisitos de normas para melhorar a proteção dos sistemas espaciais contra ameaças e vulnerabilidades.
Humanity, throughout history, has made significant progress in deepening our understanding of Space, both scientifically and technologically. For instance, we now communicate over vast distances thanks to satellites orbiting Earth, explore other celestial bodies by launching rovers, and even unravel the origins of the Universe using terrestrial and orbital telescopes to observe nearby and distant galaxies. It has become imperative to ensure the cybersecurity of space systems against cyber threats, protecting our way of life. Since the Cold War era, space exploration was largely dominated by the United States and the former Soviet Union, which possessed the resources and expertise to develop and launch satellites, ensuring the utmost secrecy (security through obscurity) to guarantee safety. However, advancements in technology, especially computing and digitalization, have reduced the costs of satellite production, opening the doors of Space Exploration to new entities and increasing their vulnerability to cyberattacks. In recent years, cybersecurity has emerged as a significant concern in the space domain, impacting satellite control, mission objectives, asset integrity, and the security of communications. Cybersecurity in space (both terrestrial and space segments) is a developing field, lacking established practices or with limited existing practices, technologies, methodologies, processes, tools, or standards, and remains vulnerable to cyberattacks such as jamming, spoofing, or social engineering attacks. Nonetheless, it has been gaining momentum due to increasing customer demands and the gradual incorporation of cybersecurity concerns into development standards. The European Space Agency, for example, is addressing cybersecurity in updates to its software space engineering standard ECSS-E-ST-40C and in software quality ECSS-Q-ST-80C. This document details an integrated master's internship in the Space Area of Critical Software, focusing on the study of how to protect space systems against cyber threats. The internship involves researching threats specific to the Space domain and others similar (automotive, railway, and aviation), the state-of-the-art in cybersecurity, systems technologies, and proposing practices, technologies, methodologies, processes, tools, or even requirements for standards to improve the protection of space systems against threats and vulnerabilities.
Humanity, throughout history, has made significant progress in deepening our understanding of Space, both scientifically and technologically. For instance, we now communicate over vast distances thanks to satellites orbiting Earth, explore other celestial bodies by launching rovers, and even unravel the origins of the Universe using terrestrial and orbital telescopes to observe nearby and distant galaxies. It has become imperative to ensure the cybersecurity of space systems against cyber threats, protecting our way of life. Since the Cold War era, space exploration was largely dominated by the United States and the former Soviet Union, which possessed the resources and expertise to develop and launch satellites, ensuring the utmost secrecy (security through obscurity) to guarantee safety. However, advancements in technology, especially computing and digitalization, have reduced the costs of satellite production, opening the doors of Space Exploration to new entities and increasing their vulnerability to cyberattacks. In recent years, cybersecurity has emerged as a significant concern in the space domain, impacting satellite control, mission objectives, asset integrity, and the security of communications. Cybersecurity in space (both terrestrial and space segments) is a developing field, lacking established practices or with limited existing practices, technologies, methodologies, processes, tools, or standards, and remains vulnerable to cyberattacks such as jamming, spoofing, or social engineering attacks. Nonetheless, it has been gaining momentum due to increasing customer demands and the gradual incorporation of cybersecurity concerns into development standards. The European Space Agency, for example, is addressing cybersecurity in updates to its software space engineering standard ECSS-E-ST-40C and in software quality ECSS-Q-ST-80C. This document details an integrated master's internship in the Space Area of Critical Software, focusing on the study of how to protect space systems against cyber threats. The internship involves researching threats specific to the Space domain and others similar (automotive, railway, and aviation), the state-of-the-art in cybersecurity, systems technologies, and proposing practices, technologies, methodologies, processes, tools, or even requirements for standards to improve the protection of space systems against threats and vulnerabilities.
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Ameaças cibernéticas Cibersegurança espacial Infraestrutura espacial Segurança do sistema espacial Sistemas de satélite
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Without CC licence