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Análise comparativa dos teores de Tetrahidrocanabinol e Canabidiol em Cannabis Sativa L. recolhida em festivais de música em Portugal
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Resumo(s)
A Canábis continua a ser a substância ilícita mais consumida em Portugal, sendo os festivais de música contextos privilegiados para o seu uso recreativo. A caracterização química dos produtos em circulação e a análise dos comportamentos associados constituem, por isso, um contributo importante para desenhar estratégias de redução dos problemas de saúde e para recolha de informação para o sistema de justiça. Neste estudo foi utilizada uma metodologia mista, integrando a análise química com recurso a Cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espetrometria de massa (GC-MS) e Cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada ao detetor de díodos (HPLC-DAD) e a aplicação de questionários, com o objetivo de avaliar os teores de delta-9-ácido-tetrahidrocanabinólico (Δ⁹-THC), canabidiol (CBD) e o rácio entre ambos os canabinoides (Δ⁹-THC/CBD) bem como as tendências de consumo de Canábis em festivais realizados entre 2023 e 2025, respetivamente. Foram analisadas 140 amostras, incluindo 88 recolhidas diretamente em três festivais de música ao longo dos 3 anos e 52 provenientes do serviço de drug checking da Kosmicare no festival Binóide 2025. A metodologia analítica aplicada, previamente desenvolvida no Laboratório de Ciências Forenses e Psicológicas da Egas Moniz, permitiu quantificar os canabinoides e determinar os rácios Δ⁹-THC/CBD. Os resultados demonstraram elevada heterogeneidade entre amostras, com rácios Δ⁹-THC/CBD a variar entre <1 e ≈85. Cerca de metade das amostras apresentou rácios >5, compatíveis com perfis recreativos, enquanto outras evidenciaram teores mais elevados de CBD. Verificou-se ainda uma tendência decrescente, ao longo dos três anos, nos teores de Δ⁹-THC e nos rácios Δ⁹-THC/CBD, associada ao aumento relativo de CBD. A quantificação de CBN demonstrou a sua utilidade enquanto marcador de degradação, permitindo a distinção entre amostras frescas e material previamente consumido. Os inquéritos envolveram sobretudo jovens entre os 18–25 anos, tendo permitido a associação entre o consumo de Canábis com o consumo de tabaco, álcool, hospitalização devido ao consumo de substâncias de abuso e a influência que o ambiente de festival exerce no consumo da mesma. Do ponto de vista legal, a grande maioria das amostras excedeu o limite de 0,3% de Δ⁹-THC estabelecido para o cânhamo industrial, classificando-se como ilícitas. O presente estudo constitui um trabalho piloto pioneiro em Portugal, onde são avaliados perfis químicos e dados percecionais sobre o consumo em ambiente real de festivais. Os resultados obtidos revelam um mercado recreativo em evolução, marcado por maior diversidade química e tendência recente para rácios Δ⁹-THC/CBD menores. A metodologia desenvolvida e as evidências recolhidas fornecem base para estudos futuros e podem apoiar entidades oficiais na monitorização e regulamentação da Canábis.
Cannabis remains the most widely consumed illicit substance in Portugal, with music festivals being prime venues for its recreational use. The chemical characterization of products in circulation and the analysis of associated behaviors are therefore an important contribution to designing strategies to reduce health problems and to gathering information for the justice system. This study used a mixed methodology, integrating chemical analysis using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) with the application of questionnaires, with the aim of assessing the levels of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ⁹-THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and the ratio between both cannabinoids (Δ⁹-THC/CBD), as well as trends in Cannabis consumption at festivals held between 2023 and 2025, respectively. A total of 140 samples were analyzed, including 88 collected directly at three music festivals over the three years and 52 from Kosmicare's drug checking service at the Binóide 2025 festival. The analytical methodology applied, previously developed at the Egas Moniz Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory, allowed the quantification of cannabinoids and the determination of Δ⁹-THC/CBD ratios. The results showed high heterogeneity between samples, with Δ⁹-THC/CBD ratios varying between <1 and ≈85. About half of the samples had ratios >5, consistent with recreational profiles, while others showed higher CBD levels. There was also a downward trend over the three years in Δ⁹-THC levels and Δ⁹-THC/CBD ratios, associated with a relative increase in CBD. The quantification of CBN demonstrated its usefulness as a marker of degradation, allowing the distinction between fresh samples and previously consumed material. The surveys mainly involved young people aged 18–25, allowing the association between Cannabis use and tobacco and alcohol consumption, hospitalization due to substance abuse, and the influence that the festival environment has on Cannabis use. From a legal standpoint, most of the samples exceeded the 0.3% Δ⁹-THC limit established for industrial hemp, classifying them as illegal. This study is a pioneering pilot project in Portugal, where chemical profiles and perceptual data on consumption in the real environment of festivals are evaluated. The results reveal an evolving recreational market, marked by greater chemical diversity and a recent trend towards lower Δ⁹-THC/CBD ratios. The methodology developed and the evidence collected provide a basis for future studies and can support official entities in the monitoring and regulation of Cannabis.
Cannabis remains the most widely consumed illicit substance in Portugal, with music festivals being prime venues for its recreational use. The chemical characterization of products in circulation and the analysis of associated behaviors are therefore an important contribution to designing strategies to reduce health problems and to gathering information for the justice system. This study used a mixed methodology, integrating chemical analysis using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) with the application of questionnaires, with the aim of assessing the levels of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ⁹-THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and the ratio between both cannabinoids (Δ⁹-THC/CBD), as well as trends in Cannabis consumption at festivals held between 2023 and 2025, respectively. A total of 140 samples were analyzed, including 88 collected directly at three music festivals over the three years and 52 from Kosmicare's drug checking service at the Binóide 2025 festival. The analytical methodology applied, previously developed at the Egas Moniz Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory, allowed the quantification of cannabinoids and the determination of Δ⁹-THC/CBD ratios. The results showed high heterogeneity between samples, with Δ⁹-THC/CBD ratios varying between <1 and ≈85. About half of the samples had ratios >5, consistent with recreational profiles, while others showed higher CBD levels. There was also a downward trend over the three years in Δ⁹-THC levels and Δ⁹-THC/CBD ratios, associated with a relative increase in CBD. The quantification of CBN demonstrated its usefulness as a marker of degradation, allowing the distinction between fresh samples and previously consumed material. The surveys mainly involved young people aged 18–25, allowing the association between Cannabis use and tobacco and alcohol consumption, hospitalization due to substance abuse, and the influence that the festival environment has on Cannabis use. From a legal standpoint, most of the samples exceeded the 0.3% Δ⁹-THC limit established for industrial hemp, classifying them as illegal. This study is a pioneering pilot project in Portugal, where chemical profiles and perceptual data on consumption in the real environment of festivals are evaluated. The results reveal an evolving recreational market, marked by greater chemical diversity and a recent trend towards lower Δ⁹-THC/CBD ratios. The methodology developed and the evidence collected provide a basis for future studies and can support official entities in the monitoring and regulation of Cannabis.
Descrição
Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz
Palavras-chave
HPLC-DAD GC-MS Δ9-THC CBD Cannabis sativa L. Determinação e quantificação de canabinoides