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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
A presente investigação, assente em três contextos representativos de pós-catástrofe, aborda a
temática da arquitetura de emergência. Por pertencerem a um passado relativamente recente,
optou-se por apoiar o estudo nos casos da Indonésia, terramoto de 2004, do Paquistão, terramoto
de 2005 e Haiti, terramoto de 2010.
Naturalmente, as catástrofes podem atingir qualquer ponto do planeta e são, muitas vezes,
devastadoras, trazendo consequências gravíssimas a vários níveis e abalando violentamente todo o
sistema social. Os territórios afetados são confrontados com cenários inesperados de destruição
das suas infraestruturas. Cidades inteiras podem, em escassos minutos, ser reduzidas a escombros,
causando milhares de vítimas mortais e deixando outras tantas feridas e sem lar.
Neste sentido, após ocorrência da catástrofe, urge imperativamente propor soluções estruturais,
nomeadamente para prestar cuidados às vítimas e oferecer apoio aos desalojados, assegurando
assim, de uma certa forma, o retorno à normalidade. São erguidos acampamentos, multiplicam-se
abrigos, espalham-se tendas, entre outras estruturas provisórias, numa tentativa de responder às
necessidades imediatas.
Perante um contexto tão frágil, é necessário atuar rapidamente para implementar medidas que
sejam capazes de responder de forma eficaz e minimizar as consequências sofridas, ou seja, é
imprescindível haver uma otimização da resposta. É precisamente neste âmbito que se enquadra a
presente investigação. Pretende ser um contributo, embora muito escasso, para a melhoria da
capacidade de resposta do homem face a futuras possíveis situações de catástrofe natural.
Estruturado em três capítulos principais, naturalmente interligados, o trabalho contempla uma parte
introdutória que abarca diversos assuntos considerados fundamentais para uma melhor
compreensão da temática visada. São várias as finalidades que orientaram a pesquisa e análise,
nomeadamente: identificar e caracterizar os tipos de desastres naturais; averiguar as condições
materiais, físicas e psicológicas em que se encontram as populações desalojadas; reconhecer as
estruturas, materiais e técnicas mais utilizadas; delinear estratégias de intervenção; refletir sobre a
importância do papel do arquiteto na reconstrução dos locais afetados. Os dois últimos são
indiscutivelmente aqueles que maior importância conferem ao trabalho desenvolvido. Importa
sobretudo entender qual o contributo que o arquiteto pode ter na resolução dos problemas que
surgem em contexto de catástrofe natural e que estratégias de atuação adotar perante casos
específicos.
As conclusões do estudo parecem indicar uma forte ligação entre cenários de catástrofe natural e
processos da arquitetura de emergência. No que concerne às soluções técnicas adotadas, verificase
um predomínio de estruturas simples e económicas, construídas com materiais acessíveis, de
transporte fácil e montagem expedita. Conclui-se ainda que é a forma de intervenção que determina
o sucesso das medidas implementadas em termos de arquitetura de emergência. Neste sentido, é
imprescindível definir e elaborar um planeamento dos campos de desalojados e um novo
planeamento urbanístico, para evitar que as novas edificações se espalhem aleatoriamente. É
também fundamental haver um cuidado maior em termos de técnicas construtivas, sobretudo por
se tratar de locais ainda vulneráveis face a eventuais novos acidentes naturais. Impera portanto
possibilitar a formação das populações neste campo. A arquitetura de emergência é um processo
que necessita de intervenções rápidas, mas, não pode ser um produto que se constrói sem critério,
em qualquer lugar e de qualquer forma.
Abstract: The following study, based on three representative contexts of post-disaster, approaches the thematic of architecture of emergency. Once they belong to a relatively recent past, it was decided to support the study in the cases of Indonesia, 2004 earthquake, Pakistan's 2005 earthquake and Haiti's 2010 earthquake. Disasters can strike anywhere on the planet and are often devastating, causing very serious damages at different levels and violently shaking the whole social system. The affected territories are faced with unexpected scenarios of destruction of their infrastructure. Entire cities can, in a few minutes, be reduced to rubble, causing thousands of deaths and leaving many others injured and homeless. After the disaster occurred, it is imperative to suggest structural solutions, in particular to provide care to victims and offer support to displaced people, ensuring, return to normality. Camping’s are built, shelters are multiplied, as well as other temporary structures in an attempt to respond to immediate needs. Towards such a fragile context, it is necessary to act quickly to implement measures capable of responding effectively and which can minimize the consequences suffered, i.e., it is essential having a response optimization. It is precisely in this context that the present study fits. It Intends to contribute, although very limitedly, for the improvement of man's ability to respond to future possible situations of natural disaster. This study was based on three main chapters, properly interconnected, analyzing several topics that are understood to be fundamental to this research. The method that supports this study was mainly elaborated with documental analysis, namely the ones which helped to identify and characterize the types of natural disasters; ascertain the material, physical and psychological conditions in which they are displaced populations; recognize the structures, materials and most used techniques; outline intervention strategies; reflect on the importance of the architect's role in the reconstruction of affected areas. The last two are arguably the ones which more importance gives the work done. It is particularly important to understand what contribution the architect can have in solving the problems that take place in the context of natural disaster and action strategies to adopt before specific cases Conclusions seem to indicate a strong link between natural catastrophe scenarios and the emergence of architecture processes. Concerning the technical solutions adopted, there is a predominance of simple and economic structures, built with affordable materials, easy to transport and rapid assembly. It is also concluded that it is the form of intervention that determines the success of the measures implemented in terms of emergency architecture. Therefore, it is essential to define and elaborate planning of the displaced camps and a new urban planning, to prevent new buildings from spreading randomly. It is crucial to be more careful in terms of construction techniques, especially because site covers are still vulnerable to any new natural disasters. It is imperative to enable the formation of the population in this field. The emergence of architecture is a process that requires quick response, but cannot be a product that is built without discretion, anywhere and anyhow.
Abstract: The following study, based on three representative contexts of post-disaster, approaches the thematic of architecture of emergency. Once they belong to a relatively recent past, it was decided to support the study in the cases of Indonesia, 2004 earthquake, Pakistan's 2005 earthquake and Haiti's 2010 earthquake. Disasters can strike anywhere on the planet and are often devastating, causing very serious damages at different levels and violently shaking the whole social system. The affected territories are faced with unexpected scenarios of destruction of their infrastructure. Entire cities can, in a few minutes, be reduced to rubble, causing thousands of deaths and leaving many others injured and homeless. After the disaster occurred, it is imperative to suggest structural solutions, in particular to provide care to victims and offer support to displaced people, ensuring, return to normality. Camping’s are built, shelters are multiplied, as well as other temporary structures in an attempt to respond to immediate needs. Towards such a fragile context, it is necessary to act quickly to implement measures capable of responding effectively and which can minimize the consequences suffered, i.e., it is essential having a response optimization. It is precisely in this context that the present study fits. It Intends to contribute, although very limitedly, for the improvement of man's ability to respond to future possible situations of natural disaster. This study was based on three main chapters, properly interconnected, analyzing several topics that are understood to be fundamental to this research. The method that supports this study was mainly elaborated with documental analysis, namely the ones which helped to identify and characterize the types of natural disasters; ascertain the material, physical and psychological conditions in which they are displaced populations; recognize the structures, materials and most used techniques; outline intervention strategies; reflect on the importance of the architect's role in the reconstruction of affected areas. The last two are arguably the ones which more importance gives the work done. It is particularly important to understand what contribution the architect can have in solving the problems that take place in the context of natural disaster and action strategies to adopt before specific cases Conclusions seem to indicate a strong link between natural catastrophe scenarios and the emergence of architecture processes. Concerning the technical solutions adopted, there is a predominance of simple and economic structures, built with affordable materials, easy to transport and rapid assembly. It is also concluded that it is the form of intervention that determines the success of the measures implemented in terms of emergency architecture. Therefore, it is essential to define and elaborate planning of the displaced camps and a new urban planning, to prevent new buildings from spreading randomly. It is crucial to be more careful in terms of construction techniques, especially because site covers are still vulnerable to any new natural disasters. It is imperative to enable the formation of the population in this field. The emergence of architecture is a process that requires quick response, but cannot be a product that is built without discretion, anywhere and anyhow.
Description
Keywords
Habitação de emergência Catástrofe natural