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Publication
O efeito das alterações climáticas nas doenças vetoriais em cães
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Abstract(s)
As doenças de origem vetorial são doenças causadas por diferentes agentes patogénicos e
transmitidas por artrópodes hematófagos que, ao longo do seu ciclo de vida, se alimentam em
diferentes hospedeiros, podendo desta forma transmitir agentes patogénicos. Várias espécies
animais são hospedeiros de parasitas vetores podendo ser infetados por agentes patogénicos por
eles transmitidos. Muitas vezes estes agentes patogénicos apresentam um largo espectro de
hospedeiros recetivos, incluindo o Homem pelo que é utilizado o termo zoonose.
A distribuição geográfica dos vetores é fortemente influenciada pela presença de hospedeiros, mas
também pelas condições geoclimáticas.
Durante a segunda metade do século XX foi observado um aumento da temperatura média da
atmosfera terrestre, tendo sido prevista a ocorrência de alterações climáticas com as suas
consequências / ameaças para a Saúde Global no futuro. Uma das consequências das alterações
climáticas é a influencia na epidemiologia de doenças vetoriais.
Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão da literatura existente relativamente ao impacto das alterações
climáticas nas Doenças Vetoriais Caninas. A escolha deste tema foi sustentada pelo facto de i) o
Estágio Curricular ter sido realizado na área de Clínica de Animais de Companhia, ii) ao longo dos
últimos anos se tem verificado uma maior proximidade física entre os animais de companhia, como
o cão, e os seus tutores, iii) as Doenças Vetoriais têm uma ocorrência não negligenciável em
Portugal, iv) as alterações climáticas são um tema que suscita grande preocupação ao nível mundial.
Numa primeira parte é feito um enquadramento ao tema alterações climáticas, prosseguindo-se com
a análise da sua influência da dinâmica da população de vetores e da influência das alterações
climáticas na ocorrência de Doenças Vetoriais Caninas, como Dirofilariose Canina, Babesiose
Canina, Anaplasmose Granulocítica, Anaplasmose Trombocítica, Erliquiose Monocítica Canina,
Doença de Lyme e Leishmaniose Canina no contexto europeu e em Portugal.
A revisão da literatura realizada permitiu-nos constatar que as alterações climáticas ocorridas ao
longo das últimas décadas interferiram com o complexo agente patogénico/vetor/hospedeiro, sendo
mais evidente em regiões de clima temperado, em regiões peri-árticas e árticas; e em regiões de
elevada altitude nos trópicos. A epidemiologia das doenças vetoriais tem vindo a sofrer alterações
em todo o mundo, tornando essencial a monitorização e vigilância bem como a adoção de novas
estratégias de controlo. Neste contexto, o conceito de Uma Só Saúde (One Health) destaca-se uma
vez que o impacto das alterações climáticas interfere não apenas com a saúde animal, mas também
com a saúde humana e com a saúde ambiental. O médico veterinário assume um papel importante
enquanto agente ativo de uma Saúde Global.
Vector borne diseases are diseases caused by different pathogens and transmitted by hematophagous arthropods that feed on different hosts throughout their life cycle, thus being able to transmit pathogens. Several animal species are hosts of vectors and can be infected by pathogens transmitted by them. Often these pathogens have a wide spectrum of receptive hosts, including humans, thus called zoonosis. The geographic distribution of vectors is strongly influenced by the presence of hosts, but also by geoclimatic conditions. In the second half of the 20th century, an increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere was observed, and predictive studies regarding a climate change and its consequences / threats to Global Health in the future were needed. One of the consequences of climate change is the influence on the epidemiology of vector borne diseases. This work presents a state of the art regarding the impact of climate change on Canine Vector Borne Diseases. The choice of this subject was supported by the fact that i) the Curricular Internship was carried out in Clinic for Companion Animals, ii) over the last years an increase of physical proximity between owners and their companion animals, such as the dog, was observed, iii) vector borne diseases have a non-negligible occurrence in Portugal, and iv) nowadays climate change is a topic of great concern worldwide nowadays. Firstly, it was conducted an introduction focusing climate change which is followed by an analysis of its influence on the dynamics of the population of vectors population, and an analysis of the influence of climate change on the occurrence of canine vector borne diseases, such as Canine Dirofilariosis, Canine Babesiosis, Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, Thrombocytic Anaplasmosis, Monocytic Ehrlichiosis, Lyme Disease and Canine Leishmaniosis in Europe and in Portugal. This review allowed us to verify that the climatic changes reported over the last decades had interfered with the pathogen/vector/host complex, being more evident in temperate regions, in periarctic and arctic regions, and in high altitude regions in the tropics. The epidemiology of vector borne diseases has been changing around the world, making monitoring and surveillance essential, as well as the adoption of new control strategies. In this context, the concept of One Health is highlighted since the impact of climate change interferes not only with animal health, but also with human health and environmental health. The veterinarian assumes an important role as an active agent of Global Health.
Vector borne diseases are diseases caused by different pathogens and transmitted by hematophagous arthropods that feed on different hosts throughout their life cycle, thus being able to transmit pathogens. Several animal species are hosts of vectors and can be infected by pathogens transmitted by them. Often these pathogens have a wide spectrum of receptive hosts, including humans, thus called zoonosis. The geographic distribution of vectors is strongly influenced by the presence of hosts, but also by geoclimatic conditions. In the second half of the 20th century, an increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere was observed, and predictive studies regarding a climate change and its consequences / threats to Global Health in the future were needed. One of the consequences of climate change is the influence on the epidemiology of vector borne diseases. This work presents a state of the art regarding the impact of climate change on Canine Vector Borne Diseases. The choice of this subject was supported by the fact that i) the Curricular Internship was carried out in Clinic for Companion Animals, ii) over the last years an increase of physical proximity between owners and their companion animals, such as the dog, was observed, iii) vector borne diseases have a non-negligible occurrence in Portugal, and iv) nowadays climate change is a topic of great concern worldwide nowadays. Firstly, it was conducted an introduction focusing climate change which is followed by an analysis of its influence on the dynamics of the population of vectors population, and an analysis of the influence of climate change on the occurrence of canine vector borne diseases, such as Canine Dirofilariosis, Canine Babesiosis, Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, Thrombocytic Anaplasmosis, Monocytic Ehrlichiosis, Lyme Disease and Canine Leishmaniosis in Europe and in Portugal. This review allowed us to verify that the climatic changes reported over the last decades had interfered with the pathogen/vector/host complex, being more evident in temperate regions, in periarctic and arctic regions, and in high altitude regions in the tropics. The epidemiology of vector borne diseases has been changing around the world, making monitoring and surveillance essential, as well as the adoption of new control strategies. In this context, the concept of One Health is highlighted since the impact of climate change interferes not only with animal health, but also with human health and environmental health. The veterinarian assumes an important role as an active agent of Global Health.
Description
Keywords
Doenças vetoriais caninas Alterações climáticas Zoonoses Uma só saúde Canine Vector-borne diseases Climate changes Zoonoses One health