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Salmonella enterica é uma bactéria patogénica que coloniza o trato gastrointestinal de aves e mamíferos e pode causar infeções em humanos. A espécie divide-se em várias subespécies e em mais de 2600 serotipos diferentes, agrupados em serotipos de S. enterica tifoide e não-tifoide. Em humanos, as infeções por S. enterica manifestam-se essencialmente sob três formas: salmonelose não-tifoide não invasiva, salmonelose não-tifoide invasiva e febre tifoide. A salmonelose não-tifoide é geralmente uma gastroenterite aguda, resultante da ingestão de alimentos malcozinhados e/ou contaminados. O período de incubação varia entre 12 e 72 horas, e a gravidade da doença depende de fatores como o número de bactérias ingeridas, o estado imunológico do indivíduo e o serotipo envolvido. Na União Europeia, a salmonelose é a segunda causa mais frequente de infeções gastrointestinais, logo após as provocadas por Campylobacter.
O objetivo desta revisão narrativa foi analisar os principais fatores de virulência, os mecanismos de resistência aos antibióticos, a epidemiologia e os surtos relevantes e/ou recentes associados a S. enterica não-tifoide (SNT). Esta revisão permitiu evidenciar que a patogenicidade de SNT resulta da interação de múltiplos fatores de virulência, como ilhas de patogenicidade, sistemas de secreção, fímbrias, flagelos e formação de biofilmes, que permitem à bactéria aderir, invadir e sobreviver no hospedeiro, escapando à resposta imunitária. A sua elevada plasticidade genética e capacidade de regulação epigenética reforçam o seu papel como agente zoonótico persistente e disseminável. Paralelamente, destacou-se a crescente preocupação com a resistência antimicrobiana, potenciada pela transferência horizontal de genes, pela formação de biofilmes e pelo uso excessivo de antibióticos, o que compromete a eficácia terapêutica e exige estratégias integradas de controlo e uso racional destes fármacos. Assim, este trabalho contribuirá para uma melhor compreensão da importância clínica e epidemiológica desta bactéria, reforçando a necessidade de estratégias eficazes de vigilância e prevenção em saúde pública.
Salmonella enterica is a commensal bacterium found in the gastrointestinal tract of birds and mammals, capable of causing infections in humans. The species is divided into several subspecies and more than 2600 different serotypes, grouped into typhoidal and non-typhoidal S. enterica serotypes. In humans, infections caused by S. enterica mainly present in three forms: non-typhoidal non-invasive salmonellosis, invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis, and typhoid fever. Non-typhoidal salmonellosis is typically an acute gastroenteritis resulting from the ingestion of undercooked and/or contaminated food. The incubation period ranges from 12 to 72 hours, and the severity of the disease depends on factors such as the bacterial load ingested, the individual’s immune status, and the serotype involved. In the European Union, salmonellosis is the second most frequent cause of gastrointestinal infections, following those caused by Campylobacter. The aim of this narrative review was to analyze the main virulence factors, mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, epidemiology, and relevant and/or recent outbreaks associated with non-typhoidal S. enterica. This review highlights that the pathogenicity of non-typhoidal Salmonella results from the interaction of multiple virulence factors, such as pathogenicity islands, secretion systems, fimbriae, flagella, and biofilm formation, which enable the bacterium to adhere to, invade, and survive within the host, evading the immune response. Its high genetic plasticity and capacity for epigenetic regulation further reinforce its role as a persistent and disseminating zoonotic agent. Additionally, growing concern has been noted regarding antimicrobial resistance, driven by horizontal gene transfer, biofilm formation, and the overuse of antibiotics, which compromise therapeutic efficacy and demand integrated control strategies and rational antibiotic use. Therefore, this work contributes to a better understanding of the clinical and epidemiological significance of this bacterium, emphasizing the need for effective surveillance and prevention strategies in public health.
Salmonella enterica is a commensal bacterium found in the gastrointestinal tract of birds and mammals, capable of causing infections in humans. The species is divided into several subspecies and more than 2600 different serotypes, grouped into typhoidal and non-typhoidal S. enterica serotypes. In humans, infections caused by S. enterica mainly present in three forms: non-typhoidal non-invasive salmonellosis, invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis, and typhoid fever. Non-typhoidal salmonellosis is typically an acute gastroenteritis resulting from the ingestion of undercooked and/or contaminated food. The incubation period ranges from 12 to 72 hours, and the severity of the disease depends on factors such as the bacterial load ingested, the individual’s immune status, and the serotype involved. In the European Union, salmonellosis is the second most frequent cause of gastrointestinal infections, following those caused by Campylobacter. The aim of this narrative review was to analyze the main virulence factors, mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, epidemiology, and relevant and/or recent outbreaks associated with non-typhoidal S. enterica. This review highlights that the pathogenicity of non-typhoidal Salmonella results from the interaction of multiple virulence factors, such as pathogenicity islands, secretion systems, fimbriae, flagella, and biofilm formation, which enable the bacterium to adhere to, invade, and survive within the host, evading the immune response. Its high genetic plasticity and capacity for epigenetic regulation further reinforce its role as a persistent and disseminating zoonotic agent. Additionally, growing concern has been noted regarding antimicrobial resistance, driven by horizontal gene transfer, biofilm formation, and the overuse of antibiotics, which compromise therapeutic efficacy and demand integrated control strategies and rational antibiotic use. Therefore, this work contributes to a better understanding of the clinical and epidemiological significance of this bacterium, emphasizing the need for effective surveillance and prevention strategies in public health.
Descrição
Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz
Palavras-chave
Salmonella enterica Fatores de virulência Epidemiologia Resistência aos antibióticos
