Name: | Description: | Size: | Format: | |
---|---|---|---|---|
2.99 MB | Adobe PDF |
Authors
Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
O paradigma da produção de eletricidade aos dias de hoje encontra-se decididamente
alterado. Atualmente, a produção de eletricidade com base em energias limpas e
sustentáveis, habitualmente denominadas de renováveis, não se trata de um conceito novo.
Exemplo disto, é a geração fotovoltaica, que facilmente conseguimos observar através de
instalações desta natureza em pequenos consumidores, tais como habitações, demonstrando
ser uma solução especialmente ideal em zonas de difícil acesso, como as rurais. Este tipo de
geração de eletricidade independente é designada de produção ou microgeração
descentralizada e, quando injeta parte da energia produzida na rede, o consumidor clássico
de energia passa a ser um prosumidor. Apesar da sociedade ter evoluído de forma a termos
alcançado um aumento da sustentabilidade do planeta, verificam-se alguns pontos negativos
devido ao grande aumento de gerações renováveis, especialmente na infraestrutura de
distribuição de eletricidade. A rede clássica de distribuição de energia foi concebida para um
fluxo unidirecional desta, verificando-se atualmente alguns problemas associados à alta
penetração dos sistemas de produção renováveis, nomeadamente a penetração fotovoltaica,
que conduz a um trânsito de potências bidirecional e a sobretensões que excedem a oscilação
de tensão estipulada. Uma forma de tentar melhorar a integração das fontes de energia
renovável de pequena escala nas redes de baixa tensão e de aumentar a qualidade da
energia da rede de distribuição, será através da conceção de uma rede híbrida, composta por
sub-redes em corrente continua, como incremento às de corrente alternada existentes. A
presente dissertação tem como foco principal o desenvolvimento duma rede deste género,
onde serão também estudados os efeitos negativos da penetração fotovoltaica nas redes de
distribuição e as possíveis formas de minorar esses efeitos.
The paradigm of electricity production is nowadays decisively changed. Currently, the production of electricity based on clean and sustainable energies, usually referred to as renewable, is not a new concept. One example of this is photovoltaic generation, which we can easily observe through installations of this nature in small consumers, such as homes, proving to be an especially ideal solution in areas with difficult access, such as rural areas. This type of independent electricity generation is called decentralised production or microgeneration, and when it injects part of the energy produced into the grid, the classic energy consumer becomes a prosumer. Although society has evolved in such a way that we have achieved an increase in the sustainability of the planet, there are some negative points due to the large increase in renewable generation, especially in the electricity distribution infrastructure. The classic energy distribution network was designed for a unidirectional flow of energy, but there are currently some problems associated with the high penetration of renewable production systems, namely photovoltaic penetration, which leads to a bidirectional traffic of power and overvoltage that exceed the stipulated voltage oscillation. One way to try to improve the integration of small-scale renewable energy sources in low voltage grids and to increase the power quality of the distribution network, will be through the design of a hybrid network, composed of DC sub-grids, as an increment to the existing AC ones. The main focus of this dissertation is the development of such a network, where the negative effects of photovoltaic penetration in distribution grids and possible ways to mitigate those effects will also be studied.
The paradigm of electricity production is nowadays decisively changed. Currently, the production of electricity based on clean and sustainable energies, usually referred to as renewable, is not a new concept. One example of this is photovoltaic generation, which we can easily observe through installations of this nature in small consumers, such as homes, proving to be an especially ideal solution in areas with difficult access, such as rural areas. This type of independent electricity generation is called decentralised production or microgeneration, and when it injects part of the energy produced into the grid, the classic energy consumer becomes a prosumer. Although society has evolved in such a way that we have achieved an increase in the sustainability of the planet, there are some negative points due to the large increase in renewable generation, especially in the electricity distribution infrastructure. The classic energy distribution network was designed for a unidirectional flow of energy, but there are currently some problems associated with the high penetration of renewable production systems, namely photovoltaic penetration, which leads to a bidirectional traffic of power and overvoltage that exceed the stipulated voltage oscillation. One way to try to improve the integration of small-scale renewable energy sources in low voltage grids and to increase the power quality of the distribution network, will be through the design of a hybrid network, composed of DC sub-grids, as an increment to the existing AC ones. The main focus of this dissertation is the development of such a network, where the negative effects of photovoltaic penetration in distribution grids and possible ways to mitigate those effects will also be studied.
Description
Keywords
Geração fotovoltaica Produção descentralizada Trânsito de potências Sobretensões Rede híbrida Photovoltaic generation Decentralised generation Power transit Overvoltage Hybrid grid