Immune dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder: from environmental risk factors to clinical and brain imaging correlates

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Explicit knowledge of task structure is a primary determinant of human model-based action

Publication . Castro-Rodrigues, Pedro; Akam, Thomas; Snorasson, Ivar; Camacho, Marta; Paixão, Vitor; Maia, Ana; Barahona-Corrêa, J. Bernardo; Dayan, Peter; Simpson, H. Blair; Costa, Rui M.; Oliveira-Maia, Albino J.

Explicit information obtained through instruction profoundly shapes human choice behaviour. However, this has been studied in computationally simple tasks, and it is unknown how model-based and model-free systems, respectively generating goal-directed and habitual actions, are affected by the absence or presence of instructions. We assessed behaviour in a variant of a computationally more complex decision-making task, before and after providing information about task structure, both in healthy volunteers and in individuals suffering from obsessive-compulsive or other disorders. Initial behaviour was model-free, with rewards directly reinforcing preceding actions. Model-based control, employing predictions of states resulting from each action, emerged with experience in a minority of participants, and less in those with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Providing task structure information strongly increased model-based control, similarly across all groups. Thus, in humans, explicit task structural knowledge is a primary determinant of model-based reinforcement learning and is most readily acquired from instruction rather than experience.

2022-05Journal article

Open access