Towards a New Giant Detector for Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays

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Data-driven estimation of the invisible energy of cosmic ray showers with the Pierre Auger Observatory

Publication . The Pierre Auger Collaboration; A. Aab; P. Abreu; M. Aglietta; I. F. M. Albuquerque; J. M. Albury; I. Allekotte; A. Almela; J. Alvarez Castillo; J. Alvarez-Muñiz; G. A. Anastasi; R. G. Lang; R. Legumina; M. A. Leigui de Oliveira; V. Lenok; A. Letessier-Selvon; I. Lhenry-Yvon; O. C. Lippmann; D. Lo Presti; L. Lopes; A. Bakalova; A. Dundovic; R. López; A. López Casado; R. Lorek; Q. Luce; A. Lucero; M. Malacari; G. Mancarella; D. Mandat; B. C. Manning; P. Mantsch; J. Ebr; A. Balaceanu; A. G. Mariazzi; I. C. Mariş; G. Marsella; D. Martello; H. Martinez; O. Martínez Bravo; M. Mastrodicasa; H. J. Mathes; S. Mathys; R. Engel; J. Matthews; F. Barbato; G. Matthiae; E. Mayotte; P. O. Mazur; G. Medina-Tanco; D. Melo; A. Menshikov; K. -D. Merenda; S. Michal; M. Erdmann; M. I. Micheletti; L. Middendorf; R. J. Barreira Luz; L. Miramonti; B. Mitrica; D. Mockler; S. Mollerach; F. Montanet; C. Morello; G. Morlino; C. O. Escobar; M. Mostafá; A. L. Müller; M. A. Muller; S. Baur; S. Müller; R. Mussa; L. Nellen; P. H. Nguyen; M. Niculescu-Oglinzanu; M. Niechciol; A. Etchegoyen; D. Nitz; D. Nosek; V. Novotny; L. Nožka; K. H. Becker; A Nucita; L. A. Núñez; A. Olinto; M. Palatka; J. Pallotta; H. Falcke; M. P. Panetta; P. Papenbreer; G. Parente; A. Parra; M. Pech; J. A. Bellido; F. Pedreira; J. Pękala; R. Pelayo; J. Peña-Rodriguez; J. Farmer; L. A. S. Pereira; M. Perlin; L. Perrone; C. Peters; S. Petrera; J. Phuntsok; C. Berat; T. Pierog; M. Pimenta; V. Pirronello; G. Farrar; M. Platino; J. Poh; B. Pont; C. Porowski; R. R. Prado; P. Privitera; M. Prouza; M. E. Bertaina; A. Puyleart; S. Querchfeld; A. C. Fauth; S. Quinn; R. Ramos-Pollan; J. Rautenberg; D. Ravignani; M. Reininghaus; J. Ridky; F. Riehn; M. Risse; X. Bertou; P. Ristori; L. Anchordoqui; V. Rizi; W. Rodrigues de Carvalho; J. Rodriguez Rojo; M. J. Roncoroni; M. Roth; E. Roulet; A. C. Rovero; P. Ruehl; S. J. Saffi; P. L. Biermann; N. Fazzini; A. Saftoiu; F. Salamida; H. Salazar; G. Salina; J. D. Sanabria Gomez; F. Sánchez; E. M. Santos; E. Santos; F. Sarazin; R. Sarmento; F. Feldbusch; J. Biteau; C. Sarmiento-Cano; R. Sato; P. Savina; M. Schauer; V. Scherini; H. Schieler; M. Schimassek; M. Schimp; F. Schlüter; F. Fenu; D. Schmidt; S. G. Blaess; O. Scholten; P. Schovánek; F. G. Schröder; S. Schröder; J. Schumacher; S. J. Sciutto; M. Scornavacche; R. C. Shellard; L. P. Ferreyro; G. Sigl; G. Silli; A. Blanco; O. Sima; R. Šmída; G. R. Snow; P. Sommers; J. F. Soriano; J. Souchard; R. Squartini; J. M. Figueira; D. Stanca; S. Stanič; J. Stasielak; J. Blazek; P. Stassi; M. Stolpovskiy; A. Streich; F. Suarez; M. Suárez-Durán; T. Sudholz; A. Filipčič; T. Suomijärvi; A. D. Supanitsky; J. Šupík; Z. Szadkowski; C. Bleve; A. Taboada; O. A. Taborda; A. Tapia; C. Timmermans; C. J. Todero Peixoto; M. M. Freire; B. Tomé; G. Torralba Elipe; A. Travaini; P. Travnicek; M. Trini; M. Boháčová; M. Tueros; R. Ulrich; M. Unger; M. Urban; T. Fujii; J. F. Valdés Galicia; I. Valiño; L. Valore; P. van Bodegom; A. M. van den Berg; A. van Vliet; D. Boncioli; E. Varela; B. Vargas Cárdenas; D. Veberič; A. Fuster; C. Ventura; I. D. Vergara Quispe; V. Verzi; J. Vicha; L. Villaseñor; J. Vink; S. Vorobiov; C. Bonifazi; H. Wahlberg; A. A. Watson; B. García; M. Weber; A. Weindl; M. Wiedeński; L. Wiencke; H. Wilczyński; T. Winchen; M. Wirtz; D. Wittkowski; N. Borodai; B. Wundheiler; B. Andrada; L. Yang; A. Yushkov; E. Zas; D. Zavrtanik; M. Zavrtanik; L. Zehrer; A. Zepeda; B. Zimmermann; M. Ziolkowski; A. M. Botti; H. Gemmeke; Z. Zong; F. Zuccarello; J. Brack; T. Bretz; A. Bridgeman; F. L. Briechle; P. Buchholz; A. Bueno; S. Buitink; M. Buscemi; A. Gherghel-Lascu; K. S. Caballero-Mora; L. Caccianiga; L. Calcagni; A. Cancio; F. Canfora; J. M. Carceller; R. Caruso; A. Castellina; F. Catalani; G. Cataldi; P. L. Ghia; L. Cazon; M. Cerda; J. A. Chinellato; J. Chudoba; L. Chytka; R. W. Clay; A. C. Cobos Cerutti; R. Colalillo; A. Coleman; M. R. Coluccia; U. Giaccari; R. Conceição; A. Condorelli; G. Consolati; F. Contreras; F. Convenga; M. J. Cooper; S. Coutu; C. E. Covault; B. Daniel; S. Dasso; M. Giammarchi; K. Daumiller; B. R. Dawson; J. A. Day; R. M. de Almeida; S. J. de Jong; G. De Mauro; J. R. T. de Mello Neto; I. De Mitri; J. de Oliveira; F. O. de Oliveira Salles; M. Giller; V. de Souza; J. Debatin; M. del Río; O. Deligny; N. Dhital; M. L. Díaz Castro; F. Diogo; C. Dobrigkeit; J. C. D'Olivo; Q. Dorosti; D. Głas; R. C. dos Anjos; M. T. Dova; J. Glombitza; F. Gobbi; G. Golup; S. Andringa; M. Gómez Berisso; P. F. Gómez Vitale; J. P. Gongora; N. González; I. Goos; D. Góra; A. Gorgi; M. Gottowik; T. D. Grubb; F. Guarino; C. Aramo; G. P. Guedes; E. Guido; R. Halliday; M. R. Hampel; P. Hansen; D. Harari; T. A. Harrison; V. M. Harvey; A. Haungs; T. Hebbeker; H. Asorey; D. Heck; P. Heimann; G. C. Hill; C. Hojvat; E. M. Holt; P. Homola; J. R. Hörandel; P. Horvath; M. Hrabovský; T. Huege; P. Assis; J. Hulsman; A. Insolia; P. G. Isar; I. Jandt; J. A. Johnsen; M. Josebachuili; J. Jurysek; A. Kääpä; K. H. Kampert; B. Keilhauer; G. Avila; N. Kemmerich; J. Kemp; H. O. Klages; M. Kleifges; J. Kleinfeller; R. Krause; D. Kuempel; G. Kukec Mezek; A. Kuotb Awad; B. L. Lago; A. M. Badescu; D. LaHurd

The determination of the primary energy of extensive air showers using the fluorescence detection technique requires an estimation of the energy carried away by particles that do not deposit all their energy in the atmosphere. This estimation is typically made using Monte Carlo simulations and thus depends on the assumed primary particle mass and on model predictions for neutrino and muon production. In this work we present a new method to obtain the invisible energy from events detected by the Pierre Auger Observatory. The method uses measurements of the muon number at ground level, and it allows us to reduce significantly the systematic uncertainties related to the mass composition and the high energy hadronic interaction models, and consequently to improve the estimation of the energy scale of the Observatory.

2019-01-23Journal article

Restricted access

Depth of maximum of air-shower profiles at the Pierre Auger Observatory. II. Composition implications

Publication . Pierre Auger collaboration (485 authors); Abreu, P.; Andringa, S.; Assis, P.; Brogueira, P.; Cazon, L.; Conceicao, R.; Diogo, F.; Espadanal, J.; Goncalves, P.; Oliveira, M.; Pimenta, M.; Santo, C.E.; Santos, E.; Sarmento, R.; Tome, B.

Using the data taken at the Pierre Auger Observatory between December 2004 and December 2012, we have examined the implications of the distributions of depths of atmospheric shower maximum (Xmax), using a hybrid technique, for composition and hadronic interaction models. We do this by fitting the distributions with predictions from a variety of hadronic interaction models for variations in the composition of the primary cosmic rays and examining the quality of the fit. Regardless of what interaction model is assumed, we find that our data are not well described by a mix of protons and iron nuclei over most of the energy range. Acceptable fits can be obtained when intermediate masses are included, and when this is done consistent results for the proton and iron-nuclei contributions can be found using the available models. We observe a strong energy dependence of the resulting proton fractions, and find no support from any of the models for a significant contribution from iron nuclei. However, we also observe a significant disagreement between the models with respect to the relative contributions of the intermediate components.

2014-12-31Journal article

Open access