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- Network analysis in basketball : inspecting the prominent players using centrality metricsPublication . Manuel Clemente, Filipe; M. L. Martins, Fernando; Kalamaras, Dimitris; Mendes, RuiThe aim of this study was to analyse the team-members cooperation in basketball by using centrality metrics of network. Different ages were compared in this study. Forty players (10 players of under-14; 10 players of under16; 10 players of under-18 and 10 players in amateurs with more than 20 years) voluntarily participated in this study. A total of 326 units of attack were generated based on the team-members interactions and then converted in final graphs. The one-way ANOVA for the factor tactical position found statistical differences in the dependent variables of %DCentrality (F(4,15) = 13.622; p-value = 0.001; n2 = 0.784; Large Effect Size) and %DPrestige (F(4,15) = 20.590; p-value = 0.001; n2 = 0.846; Large Effect Size). In conclusion this study showed that point guard was the prominent position during the attacking organization and that social network analysis it is a useful approach to identify the patterns of interactions in the game of basketball.
- Network structure and centralization tendencies in professional football teams from Spanish La Liga and English Premier LeaguesPublication . Manuel Clemente, Filipe; José, Fabio; Oliveira, Nuno; M. L. Martins, Fernando; Mendes, Rui; Figueiredo, António José; Wong, Del P.; Kalamaras, DimitrisThe aim of this study was to analyse the variance of different competitive leagues, score status, and tactical position in the centrality levels of degree prestige, degree centrality and page rank in football players. A total of 20 matches from the Spanish La Liga League (10 matches) and English Premier League (10 matches) were analysed and codified in this study. In this study only the top four teams and their opponents per each competitive league were analysed. A total of 14,738 passes between teammates were recorded and processed. The multivariate MANOVA revealed statistical differences in centrality among tactical positions (λ = 0.958; F(15,1212) = 37.898; p-value = 0.001; η2 = 0.319; Moderate Effect Size). Midfielders had the greatest centrality values, followed by the external and central defenders. The lowest values of centrality were found in goalkeepers and forwards. No statistical differences were found in centrality between different competitive leagues (λ = 0.001; F(3,402) = 0.050; p-value = 0.985; η2 = 0.001; Very Small Effect Size) and score status (λ = 0.003; F(6,806) = 0.175; p-value = 0.983; η2 = 0.001; Very Small Effect Size).
- General network analysis of national soccer teams in FIFA World Cup 2014Publication . Manuel Clemente, Filipe; M. L. Martins, Fernando; Kalamaras, Dimitris; Wong, P. Del; Mendes, RuiThis study analyzed the network characteristics of successful and unsuccessful national teams that participated in FIFA World Cup 2014. The relationship between the variables of overall team performance and the network characteristics measured on the basis of the passes between teammates was also investigated. A dataset of 37,864 passes between teammates in 64 soccer matches enabled the study on network structure and team performance of 32 national soccer teams. Our results showed significant differences in the dependent variables of network density (F4,123 = 2.72; p = 0.03; 𝜼𝒑 𝟐 = 0.04; small effect size) and total links (F4,123 = 2.73; p = 0.03; 𝜼𝒑 𝟐 = 0.04; small effect size) between the teams that reached the later stages of the tournament. Goals scored presented a small positive correlation with total links (r = 0.24; p = 0.001), network density (r = 0.24; p = 0.001), and clustering coefficient (r = 0.17; p ˃ 0.050). High levels of goals scored were associated with high levels of total links, network density, and clustering coefficient. This study showed that successful teams have a high level of network density, total links, and clustering coefficient. Thus, large values of connectivity between teammates are associated with better overall team performance.
- The social network analysis of Switzerland football team on FIFA World Cup 2014Publication . Manuel Clemente, Filipe; M. L. Martins, Fernando; Kalamaras, Dimitris; Oliveira, Joana; Oliveira, Patrícia; Mendes, RuiThe aim of this study was to apply the social network analysis approach to the football match analysis case. For such, it was analyzed the Switzerland national football team during the FIFA World Cup 2014 tournament. Two general network metrics (total links and network density) and two centrality metrics (degree centrality and degree prestige) were computed. Four matches from Switzerland in FIFA World Cup 2014 were analysed in this study. A total of 334 adjacency matrices corresponding to 334 units of attack were generated based on the teammates’ interactions and then converted in 4 network graphs. A total of 1129 passes were analysed. The greatest value of total links and network density was achieved in the first match (88 total links and 0.80 of density value). Degree centrality revealed that the defenders and midfielders were the players with greatest prominent values in the attacking building. Degree prestige showed that midfielders were the main targets of the team to pass the ball in the attacking process. In summary, this study showed that centrality metrics can be an important tool in match analysis to identify the style of play of football teams, revealing the most prominent tactical roles in the attacking process.
- Midfielder as the prominent participant in the building attack : a network analysis of national teams in FIFA World Cup 2014Publication . Manuel Clemente, Filipe; M. L. Martins, Fernando; Wong, P. Del; Kalamaras, Dimitris; Mendes, RuiThis study aimed to analyze the most prominent players’ positions that contributed to the build of attack in football during FIFA World Cup 2014. The connections among teammates in all matches of the tournament were analyzed, and the tactical lineup and players’ positions of players were codified as independent variables. Four centrality network metrics were used to identify the pertinence of each players’ position. A total of 37,864 passes between teammates were recorded. Each national team was analyzed in terms of all their matches, thus all 64 matches from the FIFA World Cup 2014 tournament were analyzed and codified in this study. A total of 128 adjacency matrices and corresponding network graphs were generated and used to compute the centrality metrics. Results revealed that the players’ position (p = 0.001; η2p = 0.143; Power = 1.00; moderate effect size) showed significant main effects on centrality measures. The central midfielders possessed the main values in all centrality measures in the majority of analyzed tactical lineups. Therefore, this study showed that independent of the team strategy, the players’ position of a central midfielder significantly contributed to the build of attack in football, for example, greater cooperation and activity profile.
- Performance analysis tool for network analysis on team sports: a case study of FIFA Soccer World Cup 2014Publication . Manuel Clemente, Filipe; G. M. Silva, Frutuoso; M. L. Martins, Fernando; Kalamaras, Dimitris; Mendes, RuiThe study of teammates’ interaction on team sports has been growing in the last few years. Nevertheless, no specific software has been developed so far to do this in a user-friendly manner. Therefore, the aim of this study was to introduce a software called the Performance Analysis Tool that allows the user to quickly record the teammates’ interaction and automatically generate the outputs in adjacency matrices that can then be imported by social network analysis software such as SocNetV. Moreover, it was also the aim of this study to process the data in a real-life scenario, thus the seven matches of the German national soccer team in the FIFA World Cup 2014 were used to test the software and then compute the network metrics. A dataset of 3032 passes between teammates in seven soccer matches was generated with the Performance Analysis Tool software, which permitted a study of the network structure. The analysis of variance of centrality metrics between different tactical positions was made. The two-way multivariate analysis of variance revealed that the strategic position (γ=1.305 ; F = 24.394; p = 0.001; η2p=0.652 ; large effect size) had significant main effects on the centrality measures. No statistical differences were found in the phase of competition (γ=0.003 ; F = 0.097; p = 0.907; η2p=0.003 ; very small effect size). The network approach revealed that the German national soccer team based their attacking process on positional attacks and not in counter-attack, and the midfielders were the prominent players followed by the central defenders. The Performance Analysis Tool software allowed the user to quickly identify the teammates’ interactions and extract the network data for process and analysis.
- Caracterização dos passes realizados entre jogadores brasileiros no FIFA Word Cup 2014 : uma abordagem baseada em networkPublication . Manuel Clemente, Filipe; M. L. Martins, Fernando; Kalamaras, Dimitris; Oliveira, Patrícia; Oliveira, Joana; Mendes, RuiUma das formas possíveis de cooperação entre companheiros de equipa no processo de construção atacante pode ser determinada pelo direcionamento dos passes. Considerando o exposto, este estudo teve como objetivo identificar as propriedades de interação presentes na rede de passes dos jogadores da seleção brasileira que disputaram o torneio FIFA World Cup 2014. Para o efeito aplicaram-se métricas para caracterização das propriedades gerais da rede, bem como, para identificação da centralidade do posicionamento tático dos jogadores. Métodos: Um total de 2159 passes distribuídos por 611 unidades de ataque em 7 jogos oficiais disputados pela seleção Brasileira de futebol no FIFA World Cup 2014 foram analisados no presente estudo. Foi possível verificar que os valores mais reduzidos de densidade da rede e total de conexões foram atingidos no 2º jogo (0,673) e os valores mais elevados foram alcançados no 7º jogo (0,791). No caso dos níveis de centralidade (out-degree), constatou-se que os maiores valores foram sempre atingidos por defensores ou pelo volante da equipa (médio defensivo). Quanto aos níveis de prestígio (in-degree) verificou-se que em 5 dos 7 jogos os maiores valores foram atingidos pelos defensores e nos restantes 2 foi o avançado o alvo da equipa. Resumidamente, o presente estudo identificou que os valores gerais da rede de passes foram relativamente estáveis ao longo dos jogos e que os defensores e médios foram determinante no processo de construção ofensiva, sendo que, o atacante foi o alvo principal da equipa para direcionar os passes.