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- Determinants of R&D investment under Uncertainty: An Empirical Study of Saudi FirmsPublication . Saif, Abdullah Abdulhafedh Abdullah; An, Nguyen Ngoc Minh; Mohammed, Mohammed Abdeulglel Mansoor; Abduljalil, Abdullah Mohammed Abdulnoor; Altahery , Akram Ali Abdullah; Abdullah, Adam Ali Ahmed; Dawood, Mariam Mourise Saad GhattasThis study aims to examine the financial determinants of research and development (R&D) investment in Saudi industrial firms, with particular emphasis on periods of economic crises. The 2008 Global Financial Crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic are employed as representative examples of major economic shocks to assess firms’ innovation responses. To achieve this objective, the analysis incorporates firm-specific variables using panel data for a sample of thirty industrial firms over the period 2007–2020. The sample selection is based on firms’ strategic engagement in R&D activities and the critical contribution of the industrial sector to the national economy. The dataset, covering fourteen years, was compiled from audited financial statements of the selected firms, obtained from their official websites. The study adopts a purposive sampling approach and an explanatory (causal) research design, employing quantitative data within a multiple regression framework. Using STATA for empirical analysis, the study utilizes one dependent variable R&D investment, measured as the ratio of R&D expenditure to total assets and eight independent variables: cash , sales growth rate, gross profit from sales, return on assets, return on equity, internal financing rate, external financing rate, and the debt-to-equity ratio. The results reveal a statistically significant positive relationship between sales growth rate, gross profit from sales, return on assets, and internal financing, and R&D investment. Conversely, the findings indicate a negative relationship between cash holdings, return on equity, external financing, and the debt-to-equity ratio, and R&D investment.Although crises explains only a small share of R&D variation (R² ≈ 13%), financial variables consistently demonstrate far greater explanatory power ( 87%), confirming that firms’ financial conditions are the key drivers of R&D investment in times of economic turmoil. Finally, the study recommends that Saudi industrial firms adopt optimal business portfolio diversification strategies to reduce exposure to crisis-related risks and mitigate their adverse effects. To enhance their investment portfolios, firms should move beyond traditional income sources and diversify into alternative, non-interest-based revenue streams.
- How AI Tools Affect the Customer Experience: a case studyPublication . Boulkara, Amina; Khadich, GhadaUsing an integrative review, this study provides a hypothetical-deductive approach of the effects of adopting AI tools on enhancing customer experience. The study was motivated by the observation that, in today’s competitive business environment, organizations often struggle to fully leverage AI technologies to understand and address customer needs, which can limit the effectiveness of customer experience strategies. To address this issue, this study employed an integrative review as a qualitative research method, structured around literature search, data extraction, and thematic analysis. From the analysis of relevant literature, findings suggest that the effective implementation of AI tools including chatbots, recommendation systems, and predictive analytics is closely linked with the personalization and efficiency of customer interactions. Proper integration of AI enables organizations to anticipate customer needs, optimize service processes, and foster stronger relationships. However, insufficient adoption or misalignment of AI strategies may hinder customer engagement and satisfaction. By examining the role of AI adoption in enhancing customer experience, this study sheds light on the mechanisms through which intelligent technologies bridge the gap between businesses and clients. Future research could employ exploratory empirical methods to develop a structured model that further elucidates how specific AI tools contribute to improved customer experiences across different industries.
- Cinquenta Anos Após o 25 de Abril – Celebração ProspetivaPublication . Rodrigues, José Francisco; Fonseca, Maria Lucinda; Academia das Ciências de Lisboa