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- REVISITING POST-CIAM GENERATION. Debates, proposals and intellectual frameworkPublication . Pedroso Correia, Nuno; MAIA, Maria Helena; Figueiredo, RuteProceedings of the International Conference REVISITING POST-CIAM GENERATION. Debates, proposals and intellectual framework. In August 1956, Jose Luis Sert opened the Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Modeme (ClAM 10), held in Dubrovnik, by reading the well-known message of Le Corbusier in which he justified his absence by claiming the existence of a generational tension. Indeed, the doctrinarian values of modernism - such as functionalism, scientific progress, and rational social planning - that once drove the congress were challenged by a group of young architects and resulted in the emergence of new perspectives. Yet, this "generation" was far beyond from being a homogeneous group both in conceptual chronological and geographical terms. In Portugal, immediately after that moment, the magazine Arquitectura completely redefined its editorial structure, starting a new edition in early 1957. Gathering a young group of architects, art historians, and critics of art and cinema, this magazine furthered the questions launched at ClAM, thus debating the duties and role of the critic, and scrutinizing the "strong relation" (Vieira de Almeida, 2012) between theory, criticism, history and architectural design. Some of the actors and the narratives they shaped in this moment of change are widely known in architectural studies. However, the distinct manner of intellectual appropriation and critical reception of this debate in a transnational perspective is a matter that should be reexamined. How was the debate reabsorbed by architectural criticism in different geographical areas? What was its actual impact on the mechanisms of mediation as well as on the profile of the agents of criticism? This conference intended to address these questions. The aim was to examine, in a comparative view, the ways in which the same debate was received, discussed and disseminated in different regions, on one hand; and to understand how this moment contributed to a rethinking of the relation between architectural practice and critical production, on the other. We selected papers that offer new insights on the topic by exploring themes such as: the circulation of ideas and the contribution of different regions to the 1960s and 1970s architectural culture; the relation between architecture and political engagement; the interaction between theoretical-critical production and architectural design; the mechanisms and strategies of dissemination, journals, books, manifestos, movies, documentaries, etc.); the introduction of concepts from other fields of knowledge and the inclusion of social sciences in architecture writing; the critical analyses of the historiography produced on the period. Texts: BANDEIRINHA, José António – Three buttons on the sleeves. United States 1960 and Távora’s strangeness, p. 15-27; JANNIÈRE, Hélène –1964. French criticism and its discontents: à propos of a special issue of L’Architecture d’Aujourd'hui, p. 28; MORAVÁNSZKY, Ákos – “Pro and Contra CIAM”: Modernism and its Discontents, p. 29-38; TOSTÕES, Ana – Rebels with a cause. Aldo van Eyck and Pancho Guedes, how to find a meaning for the act of built, p. 39-52; BONFANTE, Francesca; PALLINI, Cristina – The Italian debate after the ‘retreat’, p. 55-67; CHARITONIDOU, Marianna – An action towards Humanization. Doorn manifesto in a transnational perspective, p. 68-86; DELGADO PÁEZ, Fernando – A variable in Paulo Mendes da Rocha’s single-storey houses, p. 87-102; ESTEBAN-MALUENDA, Ana; GIL DONOSO, Eva; TEJERO, Elena – ‘Sesiones de Crítica de Arquitectura’. The change in architectural debate in the Spain of the 1960s, p. 103-119; FERNANDES, Eduardo – The tectonic shift in Fernando Távora’s work in the Post-CIAM years, p. 120-134; FLORES, Joaquim Moura – The Barredo’s urban renewal study – The third way in Portuguese historic cities urban conservation, p. 135-148; GALJER, Jasna – Radical or not at all? Architectural criticism as a vehicle of CIAM and Team 10 networking in socialist Yugoslavia, p. 149-166; GRIECO, Lorenzo – Breaking Barriers. Giancarlo De Carlo from CIAM to ILAUD, p. 167-180; KOROLIJA, Aleksa – Back to Monumentality. Modernisation and Memorialisation in Post-war Yugoslavia, p. 181-195; KOURNIATI, Marilena – Team 10 The ‘Youngers’ or the construction of ‘another’ avant-garde, p. 196; LOPES DIAS, Tiago– Debating Modern Architecture. A brief account of the Iberian Peninsula circa 1967, p. 197-212; MERINO DEL RÍO, Rebeca – Forum’ Architectural journal as an educational and spreading media in the Netherlands. Influences on Herman Hertzberger, p. 213-231; MINCIACCHI, Lavinia Ann – From ‘Casabella’ to ‘Arquitectura’ – The Italian influence on Portuguese Post-CIAM debate, p. 232-250; NUNES, Jorge – Early years. Manfredo Tafuri and Rem Koolhaas´s first reflections on the Metropolis, p. 251-268; ORTIZ DOS SANTOS, Daniela – Displacement and the Making of Modern Architecture – A South-South Perspective, p. 269-270; SAKKA, Anastasia – Ekistics, or the Science of human settlements, through the paradigm of the Master Plan of Islamabad, p. 271-286; SIEFERT, Rebecca – An American Think Tank with ‘Something too European About it’. Theory, Politics, and Feminism at the IAUS in New York, p. 287-299; SIGGE, Erik – Hereditary structures of influence. Generational succession and international exchange of the Swedish CIAM Group and beyond, p. 300-301; SILVA, João Almeida e – Learning from EVA - A history of homes that were advertising gifts, p. 302-303; SUNG, Yuchen Sharon – The typology of apartments in the new “Radiant City” in Taichung, Taiwan, p. 304; VELA CASTILLO, Jose – Y el Madrid, Qué, ¿Otra Vez Campeón de Europa? ¿No? /And Real Madrid Once Again European Champion, Right? Spanish architecture and CIAM debates from 1953 to 1959, p. 305-355
- Debating Modern Architecture. A brief account of the Iberian Peninsula circa 1967Publication . Lopes Dias, TiagoIn the 1960s, a group of Portuguese and Spanish architects began to meet on a regular basis. An informal structure based on a network of close contacts, not unlike the Team 10, this group met to discuss architectural theory and practice, to visit buildings, and also – or above all – to socialize and share ideas and experiences. Despite the casual nature of most of these meetings, they had considerable impact in the evolution of Portuguese architecture, leading to a series of encounters with prominent European architects and the publication of several articles in international journals, as the result of a strategy of editorial exchange promoted by some of the meetings’ participants. Concurrently, a number of architects and critics were invested in finding new tools and methods for thinking about architecture, and especially for debating and critiquing architecture. The present text provides an introduction to this context and explores the reciprocal influence that Spanish and Portuguese architects exerted on each other’s work, by focusing on the moment when two important milestones concur: the Iberian meeting taking place in Portugal, promoted by Nuno Portas, and the publication of a critical analysis of Álvaro Siza’s early works, written by Pedro Vieira de Almeida
- From ‘Casabella’ to ‘Arquitectura’ – The Italian influence on Portuguese Post-CIAM debatePublication . MINCIACCHI, Lavinia AnnWith the number 57-58 of 1957, the magazine “Arquitectura” declares the beginning of a new phase. In a country at the edge of Europe, far from the debate on modern architecture and marked by a dictatorship that has limited its contact with the outside world, this magazine (founded in 1927 and led by the ICAT group until 1957) represented the main diffusion medium of ideas and international contributions to the debate on modern architecture in Portugal. At the same time, the magazine represented a selection and filter of what was spread from the outside within the country. On this basis, the proposal for the "REVISITING THE POST-CIAM GENERATION" symposium intends to investigate the influence that the Italian modern architecture, conveyed by the italian magazines (for ex. “Casabella”) through “Arquitectura”, has had on the Portuguese post CIAM debate. “Casabella”, which together with the contemporary “Domus” represented the main Italian magazine leading international debate of these years, was well known by the editorial group of the magazine “Arquitectura” and offered an interesting source for the development of articles concerning Italian architecture. Indeed, the diffusion of the Italian projects and critical articles dates back already from the 40s with the publications of the articles by Ernesto Nathan Rogers and the projects of Giuseppe Terragni. On the other hand, it will be necessary to wait until 1972 for Vittorio Gregotti to publish the works of Álvaro Siza Vieira for the first time, beginning a season of renewed interest in Portuguese architecture coinciding with the end of the dictatorship (see V. Gregotti, Architetture recenti di Álvaro Siza, in "Controspazio", 9, Sept. 1972, 22-39).
- ‘Sesiones de Crítica de Arquitectura’. The change in architectural debate in the Spain of the 1960sPublication . ESTEBAN-MALUENDA, Ana; GIL DONOSO, Eva; TEJERO, ElenaThe journal Arquitectura was reissued in January 1959 as a mouthpiece of the Madrid Institute of Architects (COAM). This brought to an end the period of the Revista Nacional de Arquitectura, the journal which replaced it after the Civil War under the control of the Franco regime. Curiously, moving from one journal to another did not involve many changes in how it was managed, and it would remain for over a decade in the hands of Carlos de Miguel, its director since the late forties. Despite this ‘apparent’ continuity, the independence achieved from government bodies brought about important changes in focus, mechanisms and strategies of dissemination and architectural criticism. This paper aims to consider this shift in thinking, topics and agents by reviewing the ‘Sesiones de Crítica de Arquitectura’ (SCAs, Architecture Critic Sessions). These were regular meetings organized by Carlos de Miguel in which there were interactive debates about an issue, previously introduced by a speaker. The sessions started in 1951 and were held regularly all through the fifties. However, they were interrupted in the early sixties and later reorganized, but this time with significant differences with regard to the former period. The SCAs in the sixties were less frequent and included guest speakers with special expertise in the fields of design and social sciences. Urban conditions began to attract greater attention and, overall, disagreements and differences of approach and interests between the two generations who attended the meetings became evident: the older architects, who started the sessions as a discussion forum about tradition and modernity, and the younger ones, who called into question rational values of modernism defended by their masters and went for pursuing new perspectives in the development of architectural culture.
- Y el Madrid, Qué, ¿Otra Vez Campeón de Europa? ¿No? /And Real Madrid Once Again European Champion, Right? Spanish architecture and CIAM debates from 1953 to 1959Publication . VELA CASTILLO, JoseIn August 11 1956 José Luis Sert opened the Dubrovnik CIAM 10 meeting with his speech on The Future of CIAM. Just two months earlier, June 13, the Real Madrid Football Club won the European Cup in Paris. It was the first European Cup as such and the first of the many trophies won by the Spanish club. This, of course, is an anecdote, but a fairly informative one. That a Spanish and exiled architect opened the CIAM 10 strongly contrasted with one of the few international events starred by Francoist Spain: winning the European cup. This is an oblique way of saying that CIAM debates were far from being a concern in the Spanish theoretical and professional architecture milieu in the 1950s. Spanish architects were starting to incorporate the basic trends of post-war modernism to their designs at this time, and the American and European modern architecture slowly began to filter, but they were far from being involved in the heated 1956 CIAM debate. However, one Spanish architect, José Antonio Coderch entered CIAM, following Sert’s suggestions, ready to participate as a Team 10 member in the 1959 Otterlo schwanengesang, and for sure some of the preoccupations that occupied CIAM also concerned the Spaniards. This paper recounts how in this brief period, say between 1953 and 1959 with the key middle date of 1956, the contemporary CIAM debates obliquely entered the previously isolated Spain, and how Spanish architects caught up (if so) with post-war modernism and its criticism at the same time.
- Breaking Barriers. Giancarlo De Carlo from CIAM to ILAUDPublication . GRIECO, LorenzoAfter World War II, the inflexibility characterizing the first CIAM congresses soon become unsustainable, provoking the criticism of Team 10, active from 1953 for a reform of the congress. The participated discourse of the group, “considering the characteristics of society and individuals”, would be inherited, years later, by the International Laboratory of Architecture and Urban Design (ILAUD), founded by Giancarlo De Carlo in 1976. The laboratory, together with the magazine Spazio e Società (1978-2001), called back to De Carlo’s operative militancy in Team 10, expressing a brand-new approach to urban studies. As De Carlo himself affirmed: “Some messages of Team 10 have been gathered in ILAUD […] but ILAUD and Team 10 are different things”. Indeed, the laboratory strongly pushed on the dimension of the project and on the students’ collective contribution. The project was no more an end point but became the tool through which every possible solution to the problem could be tested. Courses at ILAUD were given by international professionals like Aldo Van Eyck, Peter Smithson, Renzo Piano, Sverre Fehn and Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi, some already in Team 10. The laboratory formed many young students, and several would have become internationally-recognized professionals -e.g. Eric Miralles, Carme Pinos, Santiago Calatrava, Mario Cucinella-. The paper wants to consider the contribution of ILAUD to urban studies and didactics through the examination of the rich material (annual publications, posters, projects, photos, etc.) collected in the archive of the Biblioteca Poletti in Modena. The aim is to point out how ILAUD represented a turning point in the formation of the post-CIAM generation and a certain reference for the architectural practices of the XXI century.
- The tectonic shift in Fernando Távora’s work in the Post-CIAM yearsPublication . FERNANDES, EduardoBetween 1955 and 1960 the Portuguese architect Fernando Távora (1923-2005) designed an important group of buildings: the municipal market of Vila da Feira, the house in Ofír, the tennis pavilion of Quinta da Conceição in Leça da Palmeira and the primary school of Cedro in Gaia. These buildings are landmarks in the history of Portuguese architecture; in their design, Távora employed traditional materials (stone, timber, tile) and reused vernacular construction techniques (bearing walls, wooden beams and pitched roofs) within a modern approach. This attitude is directly related to the results of the Surveys on Portuguese Vernacular Architecture, promoted by the Union of the Portuguese Architects between 1955 and 1960 and conducted by some of the most renowned Portuguese architects; Fernando Távora was responsible for the work in ‘Zone 1’ and learned how to recognize the presence of a certain kind of ‘modernity’ in the Vernacular Architecture of the north of the country. However, after 1960 his language changed and the direct influence of the vernacular began to be less obvious. In order to understand the evolution of his work at this time, it is important to remember that Távora was present at the main international architectural meetings, where he had the opportunity to contact the key names of the worldwide architectural community: he integrated the Portuguese representations present in the last CIAM Congresses and also participated in the Royaumont meeting of the Team Ten. Besides, in 1960 Távora made a three-month journey to the United States and participated in the World Design Conference in Japan. These international contacts and experiences were important to the rethinking of concepts that led to the different languages we can find in the buildings he designed after 1960.
- The Barredo’s urban renewal study – The third way in Portuguese historic cities urban conservationPublication . Flores, JoaquimThe Barredo’s urban renewal study established a turning point in the planning philosophy of the historic cities in Portugal. The previous plans for Porto historic core defined extensive demolitions of the urban tissue, mixed with a strategy of historic buildings renewal for touristic activities. These preceding approaches reflect the ongoing debate regarding the urban intervention in the historic environments, which followed two possible ways: the traditionalist, proposing the use of historic architectural elements in order to achieve a resemblance with the buildings of the past; or the modernist, which promoted functionalist strategies to solve the traffic and hygiene problems, resulting on the demolition of the outdated existing buildings. The 1969’s study, coordinated by the Architect Fernando Távora, introduced the social dimension, not only by adding the social sciences into the interdisciplinary working team, but also because the local inhabitants were considered as being so important on defining the character and significance of the place as the historic built environment. Concurrently, the traditional buildings which settle the urban environment are also considered as being so important as the monuments. This vision, which reflect the principles of the 1964’s «Venice Charter», is undoubtedly a consequence of the personal and professional background of Távora, which participated in the 10th CIAM, and in the Portuguese Regional Architecture Survey. As pointed already in 1961 by Nuno Portas, his carrier gave visibility to an alternative way in the Portuguese Architecture, known as the third way, which was advocated by Távora since 1945, and is reflected on this renewal study. The study did not produce direct results on the area. However, the new approach influenced directly the operation of the CRUARB office that applied these ideas in Porto Historic Centre after 1974. Further on, this interdisciplinary office played since the 1980’s a role model for the Portuguese interventions in historical centres, disseminating indirectly the visionary concepts introduced by the 1969 study.
- Ekistics, or the Science of human settlements, through the paradigm of the Master Plan of Islamabad.Publication . SAKKA, AnastasiaThe Greek architect and urban planner Constantinos Doxiadis belonged to the group of professionals and thinkers who challenged the quality of urban environment and living, as it had been evolved up to the mid of the 20th century. Doxiadis identified the need for revisiting policies in modern urban planning and he mobilized any available means –theory, practice, education and communication- towards this end. Providing his services as a government’s consultant in several countries of the under-development world during the fifties and sixties, having established solid liaisons with distinguished Institutions in the U.S.A., having a remarkable portfolio of materialized projects with global impact and respectively a remarkable volume of written work, research and publications, having even created an Institute for postgraduate studies on the field, he went further beyond. He declared the necessity for a radical change in urban planning, by means of introducing a new scientific domain in the service of human settlements, that of Ekistics. The proposed paper aims to explore the idea of Ekistics, through its implementation at the Master Plan of Islamabad, or otherwise the City of the Future. Doxiadis was assigned to design the new Federal Capital of Pakistan and he seized the opportunity to launch Ekistics with this project of global magnitude –both Islamabad and Ekistics could be benefited from such a gesture. Ekistics transcended the strict boundaries of urban planning, as social, political and economic factors were also involved. It constituted a holistic approach, which aimed towards the balance of the five primal elements of human settlements, namely Nature, Man, Society, Shells and Networks. And it is not the agenda pursued by means of the modernist functional city that is abandoned, it is rather that changes in the processes followed can be observed.
- “Pro and Contra CIAM”: Modernism and its DiscontentsPublication . MORAVÁNSZKY, ÁkosThe history of the CIAM organization and of its breakaway group Team 10 is one of the best documented and researched themes in recent architectural historiography, thanks to well-organized archives and doctoral programs. Its main protagonists, conferences, internal conflicts, communication and organizational systems have been discussed in numerous publications. Still, the method of dichotomization – generational conflicts, political divisions – tends to divert the attention from continuities and from the complex interrelations between the various lines of thought in- and outside CIAM. The lecture will trace three notions as three threads in the web: ruralism, humanism, and realism, to show their constitutive and transformative role in the fabric of post-war architecture.
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