Browsing by Issue Date, starting with "2012-05-10"
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- Movimentos sociais: movimento social ATTAC PortugalPublication . Rocha, José Pedro Rodrigues; Felgueiras, SérgioOs estudos sobre movimentos sociais têm vindo a aumentar nas últimas décadas. Com o deterioramento da situação financeira dos portugueses, os movimentos sociais apresentam-se como uma forma de ação para os cidadãos protestarem e apresentarem as suas reivindicações. Os movimentos sociais visam a mudança ou manutenção de uma realidade, acolhendo pessoas com diferentes motivações e intenções, que originam formas de ação que têm como fim a solução dos seus problemas. Para a polícia é imperativo perceber como funciona este fenómeno. Portanto, em relação aos movimentos sociais torna-se vital perceber quais os seus diferentes projetos, repertórios de ação, que tipo de recursos têm disponíveis, quais os seus ideais e as condições envolventes. Tentámos também perceber como é que os cidadãos participam nos movimentos, de modo a que haja uma adequação da conduta policial. Por conseguinte, desenvolveu-se um estudo exploratório, no qual o seu objeto é o movimento social ATTAC Portugal. Utiliza-se assim uma abordagem qualitativa de forma a analisar o conteúdo da informação que se encontra acessível em fontes abertas, para deste modo caraterizar o ATTAC. Este estudo procura dotar a polícia de um conhecimento mais profundo sobre os movimentos sociais.
- Composite indicators of development: the importance of the weightsPublication . Moreira, Sandrina Berthault; Simões, Nádia; Crespo, NunoMeasuring countries' levels of development is one of the most complex tasks in economics. The recognized multidimensionality of the phenomenon has increasingly led to the use of composite indicators in order to overcome the limitations usually identified in such measures as the income per capita (Bandura, 2008 [1]; Saisana, 2008 [2]). Using indicators such as this to assess development raises two crucial issues. On the one hand, one needs to identify the dimensions of development for each indicator as well as the content of each dimension. On the other hand, one also needs to assign weights to each dimension in order to have an aggregated indicator. This second issue has drawn little attention in the literature, and usually equal weights are attributed to all the dimensions of a given indicator. In the absence of any systematic analysis of their correspondence to the public perception regarding the importance of each dimension of development, these weights are arbitrarily fixed. This is so despite the fact that individuals are the ultimate beneficiaries of countries' development. The present paper seeks to close this gap in the literature, discussing in an explicit manner, the importance of the weights of each dimension of development.
- Development economics: from the traditional approaches to the new conceptsPublication . Moreira, Sandrina Berthault; Crespo, NunoDevelopment economics centres its analysis on the specific problems of less developed countries. Its main goal is to find answers to the following question: 'how can low-income economies in the world today be set on the track to sustained economic development for the immediate goal of reducing poverty and the long-run goal of catching up on the wealth of developed economies?' (Hayami and Godo, 2005: 2 [1]). Many answers to this fundamental question have been presented. We survey the central elements that characterize four important theoretical approaches in Development Economics, namely : (i) modernization theories; (ii) dependency theories ; (iii) world-system theory; (iv) neoclassical counter-revolution. However, the "old" notion of economic development, which considers as its main goal the reduction of inequality in terms of per capita income, seems to be insufficient to cover the amplitude and complexity of development problems. Therefore, it is not surprising that the notion of development has been expanded through the consideration of new dimensions, with the adding of many adjectives to the word "development" - "human", " local" and "sustainable" development being the most frequently mentioned. The main objective of this paper is to produce a concise survey of this range of contributions frequently analyzed separately. Together with the contributions of traditional development economics, these new development concepts - human, local and sustainable offer a theoretical wealth which, in their globality, allow a more appropriate understanding of the complex and multi-dimensional phenomenon of development.
- A model for the transport of muons in extensive air showersPublication . Cazon, L.; Conceicao, R.; Pimenta, M.; Santos, E.In this article we identify the key elements that govern the propagation of muons from the production in extensive air showers to ground. We describe a model based on simple assumptions that propagates the muons starting from the few relevant distributions at production. We compare the results to the ground distributions given by a full air shower Monte Carlo. This study is motivated by the need of modeling the muon component in extensive air showers with the goal of experimentally reconstructing their distributions at production, which act as a footprint of the hadronic cascade.