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Microbioma em antigas populações
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Abstract(s)
No corpo humano, há mais organismos procarióticos do que células eucarióticas. Estes “hóspedes” desempenham muitas funções biológicas e mantêm o equilíbrio, evitando o aparecimento de doenças causadas por invasões de microrganismos patogénicos.
As características da cavidade oral promovem o crescimento e proliferação de diferentes microrganismos e, consequentemente, é considerada o segundo habitat com maior diversidade no organismo, sendo antecedida pelo intestino. O estudo efetuado nesta dissertação recai sobre o cálculo dentário, maioritariamente removido de incisivos, de uma série esquelética exumada numa necrópole dos séculos XV-XIX, em Bucelas.
O cálculo dentário é um depósito sólido que se forma e acumula na superfície dos dentes, captura e preserva micropartículas ao longo da vida de um indivíduo, sendo considerado um registo fossilizado do ambiente oral. A placa dentária é um biofilme bacteriano aderente responsável pelo desenvolvimento de doenças periodontais, que pode ocorrer supragengival ou subgengivalmente.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma análise microbiológica do cálculo dentário, relacionando-a com características da população. Adicionalmente, pretende-se efetuar uma comparação entre os microrganismos responsáveis pelas patologias orais atuais e os microrganismos presentes no ambiente oral nos séculos XV-XIX. Pretende-se ainda efetuar a análise de proximidade e longevidade entre indivíduos do grupo populacional em análise.
A partir das amostras de cálculo foi efetuada a extração do DNA e sequenciação.
Foram identificados os microrganismos existentes e a abundância relativa de cada espécie foi determinada.
A análise taxonómica confirma a predominância de microrganismos orais nas amostras, com poucos sinais de contaminação externa. As amostras de cálculo dentário dos indivíduos analisados, independentemente do sexo, idade ou afinidades populacionais, mostram uma composição taxonómica consistente entre indivíduos.
In the human body, there are more prokaryotic organisms than eukaryotic cells. These "guests" perform numerous biological functions, maintaining balance and preventing the onset of diseases caused by invasive pathogens. The characteristics of the oral cavity promote the growth and proliferation of various microorganisms, making it the second most diverse habitat in the body, following the intestine. The focus of this dissertation lies in dental calculus, primarily removed from incisors, from a skeletal series exhumed in a cemetery dating back to the XV-XIX centuries in Bucelas. Dental calculus is a solid deposit that forms and accumulates on the tooth surface, capturing and preserving microparticles throughout an individual's life, considered a fossilized record of the oral environment. Dental plaque, an adherent bacterial biofilm, is responsible for the development of periodontal diseases, which occurs both supragingivally or subgingivally. The aim of this study was to conduct a microbiological analysis of dental calculus, correlating it with population characteristics. Additionally, we seek to compare the microorganisms responsible for current oral pathologies with those present in the oral environment during the XV-XIX centuries. We also aim to analyze proximity and longevity among individuals within the population group under study. From calculus samples, DNA extraction and sequencing were performed. The existing microorganisms were identified, and the relative abundance of each species was determined. Taxonomic analysis confirms the predominance of oral microorganisms in the samples, with few signs of external contamination. Dental calculus samples from the analyzed individuals, regardless of sex, age, or population affinities, exhibit a consistent taxonomic composition among individuals.
In the human body, there are more prokaryotic organisms than eukaryotic cells. These "guests" perform numerous biological functions, maintaining balance and preventing the onset of diseases caused by invasive pathogens. The characteristics of the oral cavity promote the growth and proliferation of various microorganisms, making it the second most diverse habitat in the body, following the intestine. The focus of this dissertation lies in dental calculus, primarily removed from incisors, from a skeletal series exhumed in a cemetery dating back to the XV-XIX centuries in Bucelas. Dental calculus is a solid deposit that forms and accumulates on the tooth surface, capturing and preserving microparticles throughout an individual's life, considered a fossilized record of the oral environment. Dental plaque, an adherent bacterial biofilm, is responsible for the development of periodontal diseases, which occurs both supragingivally or subgingivally. The aim of this study was to conduct a microbiological analysis of dental calculus, correlating it with population characteristics. Additionally, we seek to compare the microorganisms responsible for current oral pathologies with those present in the oral environment during the XV-XIX centuries. We also aim to analyze proximity and longevity among individuals within the population group under study. From calculus samples, DNA extraction and sequencing were performed. The existing microorganisms were identified, and the relative abundance of each species was determined. Taxonomic analysis confirms the predominance of oral microorganisms in the samples, with few signs of external contamination. Dental calculus samples from the analyzed individuals, regardless of sex, age, or population affinities, exhibit a consistent taxonomic composition among individuals.
Description
Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz
Keywords
Série esquelética exumada Séculos XV-XIX Análise microbiológica Patologias orais e análise taxonómica