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Microbioma oral e resistência microbiana em populações antigas : as freiras do Convento de Jesus de Setúbal
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A abordagem interdisciplinar entre a Microbiologia e a Bioarqueologia permite uma melhor compreensão acerca da evolução humana, doenças do passado e das comunidades microbianas. A Bioarqueologia estuda os remanescentes humanos de contextos arqueológicos, com foco na saúde, doença, dieta e estilo de vida das populações passadas. A Microbiologia permite a identificação de microrganismos patogénicos e mutações genéticas responsáveis pela resistência aos antibióticos nos restos esqueléticos, ajudando na compreensão da evolução da resistência, um fator chave para a medicina moderna. O microbioma oral é crucial para a compreensão das alterações da placa dentária, preservada como cálculo dentário mineralizado nos remanescentes esqueléticos.
O objetivo desta dissertação é investigar a saúde oral e sistémica das freiras do Convento de Jesus de Setúbal dos séculos XV ao XIX. O foco está na identificação de patologias, caracterização do microbioma oral e deteção de genes associados à resistência a antibióticos em amostras de ADN antigo. Consequentemente, contribui para a compreensão da evolução da resistência bacteriana e do microbioma oral em contextos arqueológicos e históricos. Os registos históricos sobre o convento indicam que algumas freiras morreram de doenças respiratórias, como tuberculose, febre alta, pleurisia, AVC e doenças relacionadas. Analisaram-se os remanescentes esqueléticos de 15 indivíduos adultos do sexo feminino. Destes, 10 apresentavam cálculo dentário. Adicionalmente, recolheram-se fragmentos de diáfises de fémures e costelas para estudar a resistência aos antibióticos.
Os resultados revelam uma elevada prevalência de cáries, cálculo dentário e perda dentária ante mortem, associadas a uma dieta rica em amido e açúcar, típica da vida conventual e à idade avançadas das freiras. O microbioma oral apresentou predominância de microrganismos anaeróbios, incluindo Methanobrevibacter oralis, Actinomyces spp. e Olsenella spp., refletindo um ambiente oral disbiótico e patogénico. A análise de amostras de ossos confirmou a presença do Mycobacterium tuberculosis em indivíduos com lesões compatíveis, enquanto a investigação do resistoma revelou genes de resistência a múltiplas classes de antibióticos, demonstrando que estes mecanismos existiam séculos antes da era dos antibióticos.
The integration of Microbiology and Bioarchaeology enables a deeper understanding of human evolution, ancient diseases, dietary patterns, living conditions, and historical microbial communities. The oral microbiome preserved in dental calculus provides valuable information on oral health, while bones serve as reservoirs of bacterial biofilms and ancient DNA. This study aimed to reconstruct oral and systemic health and characterise the oral microbiome of nuns from the Convento de Jesus in Setúbal, who lived between the 15th and 19th centuries. Fifteen individuals were analysed, ten of whom had sufficient dental calculus for microbiome study. Six bone fragments (femora and ribs) were selected for the investigation of antibiotic resistance genes. Ancient DNA extraction followed the protocol of Weyrich et al. (2015), with adaptations using the NZY Soil gDNA Isolation kit (Nzytech). Results revealed a high prevalence of dental caries, calculus, and ante mortem tooth loss, associated with a carbohydrate- and sugar-rich diet typical of convent life. The oral microbiome was dominated by anaerobic microorganisms, including Methanobrevibacter oralis, Actinomyces spp., and Olsenella spp., indicating a dysbiotic oral environment. Bone analysis confirmed the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in individuals with compatible lesions, while the resistome analysis revealed genes conferring resistance to multiple antibiotic classes, demonstrating that these mechanisms existed centuries before the antibiotic era. The integration of historical, osteological, and molecular data allowed the relationship between diet, microbiome, and health to be elucidated, highlighting interindividual variability in disease expression. This study contributes to understanding the co-evolution of humans and microorganisms and the evolutionary history of antimicrobial resistance, establishing a link between historical microbiomes and contemporary public health challenges.
The integration of Microbiology and Bioarchaeology enables a deeper understanding of human evolution, ancient diseases, dietary patterns, living conditions, and historical microbial communities. The oral microbiome preserved in dental calculus provides valuable information on oral health, while bones serve as reservoirs of bacterial biofilms and ancient DNA. This study aimed to reconstruct oral and systemic health and characterise the oral microbiome of nuns from the Convento de Jesus in Setúbal, who lived between the 15th and 19th centuries. Fifteen individuals were analysed, ten of whom had sufficient dental calculus for microbiome study. Six bone fragments (femora and ribs) were selected for the investigation of antibiotic resistance genes. Ancient DNA extraction followed the protocol of Weyrich et al. (2015), with adaptations using the NZY Soil gDNA Isolation kit (Nzytech). Results revealed a high prevalence of dental caries, calculus, and ante mortem tooth loss, associated with a carbohydrate- and sugar-rich diet typical of convent life. The oral microbiome was dominated by anaerobic microorganisms, including Methanobrevibacter oralis, Actinomyces spp., and Olsenella spp., indicating a dysbiotic oral environment. Bone analysis confirmed the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in individuals with compatible lesions, while the resistome analysis revealed genes conferring resistance to multiple antibiotic classes, demonstrating that these mechanisms existed centuries before the antibiotic era. The integration of historical, osteological, and molecular data allowed the relationship between diet, microbiome, and health to be elucidated, highlighting interindividual variability in disease expression. This study contributes to understanding the co-evolution of humans and microorganisms and the evolutionary history of antimicrobial resistance, establishing a link between historical microbiomes and contemporary public health challenges.
Descrição
Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz
Palavras-chave
Microbiota Paleopatologia Cálculo dentário Genes resistentes