IUM - Revista de Ciências Miliares
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- Challenges to energy security in the European UnionPublication . Alexandre, António GonçalvesEven though the European Commission wishes to maintain a trajectory that allows a sustained energy transition to so-called clean energies, the fact is that the European Union’s energy mix still includes fossil fuels. However, to break free from dependence on Russia, it becomes necessary to diversify energy imports. It is under these circumstances that the producing regions of the Gulf of Guinea and the Mediterranean Basin gain increased prominence. Using a constructivist ontological approach and an interpretivist epistemological framework, this article seeks, through a qualitative research strategy, inductive reasoning, and a case study research design, to answer the following starting question: How can the European Union overcome the current challenges to its energy security? The data collection and processing method focused primarily on the observation of documentary sources and their subsequent analysis. The conclusions show that access to energy resources from the Gulf of Guinea and the Mediterranean basin is essential for the European Union to become independent from fossil fuel imports from Russia and, thereby, achieve its energy security.
- The influence of human security on the security of maritime spaces : the case of the South AtlanticPublication . Alexandre, António GonçalvesKenneth Waltz claimed at the end of the 1970s that, given the anarchic order in force, security was the ultimate goal of states and that they could only pursue other targets when their survival was assured. However, at the end of the Cold War, there was an opening up in the way security was interpreted. Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver and Jaap de Wilde were among the leading theorists who questioned the primacy of the state in conceptualising security. And the fact is that its extension to fields beyond the military-political has led to concepts such as human security and maritimesecurity emerging in the lexicon of international relations. Following a qualitative research strategy and inductive reasoning, this article analyses illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing in the South Atlantic on the basis of a case study, since its growth over the last century has elevated it to the status of one of the most significant threats to the security and well-being of the region's populations. The conclusions show that the growing scarcity of fish stocks can undermine the human security of populations, leading them to engage in illegal activities that can compromise maritime security in the South Atlantic.
- Influence of non-financial rewards on multiple commitments in the Portuguese Armed ForcesPublication . Martins, Mónica Solange de Jesus Pereira Martins; Nascimento, José LuísFaced with recruitment difficulties and the continuous outflow of personnel from their ranks, military institutions are challenged to develop human resources policies that enhance motivation and personnel retention. This study analysed the influence of Non-Financial Rewards (NFR) on the multiple commitments of Portuguese Armed Forces personnel – specifically commitment to the supervisor, the military profession, and the organization – while considering the mediating role of organizational trust. The objective is to provide evidence that allows the Armed Forces to adjust their human resources policies in alignment with their strategic goals. To this end, an electronic questionnaire was administered to 24,058 personnel from the three branches of the Armed Forces, resulting in a final sample of 545 valid responses (a response rate of approximately 2.27%). The results confirm that NFR positively influence the different types of commitment, especially in their affective dimension, and that this influence is partially mediated by organizational trust. The tested structural model showed good fit indices and statistical stability; the calculative dimension of commitment was eliminated due to its weak statistical explanation and theoretical inadequacy within the military context.
- Integration of unmanned aircraft systems in general air traffic in PortugalPublication . Lourenço, João Paulo Ferreira; Páscoa, Carlos Jorge RamosThe integration of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) into General Air Traffic (GAT) presents complex regulatory, operational, and technological challenges. This study aims to design a conceptual ecosystem model to facilitate UAS integration into Portuguese airspace, ensuring alignment with international best practices. The research methodology combined documentary analysis of international and national literature and semi-structured interviews conducted with subject matter experts. The interviews focused on system, infrastructure, and airspace dimensions. This analysis identified significant gaps in Portugal’s current regulatory strategies, digital platforms, and airspace management, despite partial alignment with European Union Aviation Safety Agency regulations. Based on these findings, a phased ecosystem model is proposed, beginning with the implementation of test zones for U-Space implementation in Lisbon, Porto, Faro, and Funchal, and later expanding to support Urban Air Mobility services nationwide. The study concludes that the successful integration of UAS into GAT requires a centralized, automated coordination system, strategic infrastructure investment, and formal airspace designation. The proposed model offers a pragmatic and scalable roadmap to overcome existing barriers, contributing to academic knowledge and providing actionable recommendations for policymakers and aviation stakeholders.
- Lone actor terrorism-patterns, trends and reflections on its impact on public perceptions of (in)securityPublication . Cruz, João Carlos Ribeiro; Tiago, Mélanie Basílio MesquitaThis theoretical-empirical study examines lone-actor terrorism, which is characterised by attacks carried out by individuals with no formal ties to organised groups, and reflects on its impact on public perceptions of insecurity. The methodology combines a critical review of existing literature with an analysis of data on unaffiliated attacks, focusing on frequency, modus operandi, lethality, targets and location. The data, which covers the period from 1997 to 2020, was obtained from the Global Terrorism Database (GTD). The analysis revealed that, while unaffiliated terrorist attacks represent only 0.5% of global terrorism incidents, their frequency has increased in recent years, particularly in Western nations. Despite being statistically infrequent, these attacks have a heightened psychological and social impact due to their unpredictability and widespread coverage in the media, which contribute to a perception of insecurity that far exceeds the actual level of threat. These findings highlight the need for comprehensive preventive strategies, including strengthening social cohesion, promoting media literacy and monitoring individual radicalisation processes. By enhancing our understanding of the role of decentralised terrorism in amplifying public perceptions of insecurity, this study offers valuable insights that may inform future research and contribute to the development of more effective public policies.
- Military logistics deployment in disaster scenariosPublication . Barino, Raphael SepulvedaThe climate disaster that struck Rio Grande do Sul in 2024 stands as the most devastating ever recorded in Brazil, unprecedented in both magnitude and scope. The complexity of the crisis demanded an unprecedented relief operation from public authorities, underscoring the strategic role of logistics in mitigating the consequences of natural disasters. This article aims to outline and analyse the logistical capabilities mobilized and employed during this event in southern Brazil, through a case study structured on the DOTMLPF-P framework, with emphasis on the assessment of military logistical means. The analysis revealed a coordinated response by the State, involving multiple actors and resources, characterized by multidisciplinary and integrated actions, highlighting interagency cooperation and the structuring of operations under emergency conditions.
- Military readiness: debates and definitionsPublication . Lima, Leonardo da Silva; Migon, Eduardo Xavier Ferreira GlaserThis article provides a literature review on the concept of “readiness,” examining its definition and connections to other defence-related themes. It identifies key issues and proposes an operational framework for readiness. A systematic bibliographic review was conducted using a qualitative and exploratory research approach. The main finding is a conceptual definition of readiness: the state in which a military force maintains all required capabilities to deploy within a specified timeframe, execute its designated activities and tasks and accomplish assigned missions using its own organic resources. Readiness is conceptualized here as a dynamic state, a temporary condition characterized by an unstable equilibrium that requires ongoing resource allocation to prevent degradation. The article is organized into the following sections: an introduction; methodology; theoretical and conceptual framework; a review of existing readiness concepts; and a results section, in which the proposed concept of readiness is detailed, along with its typologies, measurement approaches, and associated trade-offs. The article concludes with recommendations for further research.
- On the Scattered Islands and maritime delimitation in the Mozambique Channel: a legal and geostrategic perspectivePublication . Faria, Duarte Lynce de FariaThis article analyses the legal status and geostrategic relevance of the Scattered Islands in the Mozambique Channel, focusing on the effects on maritime delimitation and sovereignty disputes involving France, Madagascar, Mauritius, and the Comoros. A qualitative and interdisciplinary methodology is adopted, combining geopolitical analysis with a doctrinal and jurisprudential assessment of relevant international legal sources, notably Article 121 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It adopts a qualitative approach combining geopolitical analysis with a comparative legal assessment of normative sources and international case law, focusing on Article 121 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and analogous cases (Selvagens and Chagos). The study frames the subject and the relevant literature, assesses the legal nature of the formations (islands/rocks), and applies the applicable criteria to regional scenarios. It concludes that, in the absence of permanent human habitation and of an autonomous economic life, the Scattered Islands tend to qualify as “rocks” within the meaning of Article 121(3). Consequently, they are not entitled to generate an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) or a continental shelf, which limits the projection of maritime jurisdiction. The Chagos precedent further supports an interpretation of the dispute through the lens of territorial integrity and decolonisation.
- Organizational culture in police corporations : a design guided by institutional valuesPublication . Fernandes, Sérgio Henrique Soares; Freitas, Mónica; IUMInstitutional values are an essential part of organizational culture, especially in police organizations, given their specific characteristics, such as conservatism, traditionalism, isolation, etc. Given this context, the general objective of this article was to outline the international culture of the Police based on each of the institutional values of the corporations investigated. The organizational values of the Police were demarcated as the object of study, being limited to the "street police", that is, those that exercise the ostensible character of preserving public order. The research had an exploratory character, of a qualitative nature, based on bibliographic and documentary analysis. An inductive reasoning was followed with an analysis of the values of 12 selected corporations in 11 countries. The challenge was to answer the central question - which current institutional values are representative of the culture in police organizations around the world? The main results showed that the organizational culture is made up of core institutional values such as commitment, loyalty, honor, respect, discipline, spirit of sacrifice and courage, as well as adjacent values such as professionalism, respect for human rights, quality, transparency, humanity, impartiality and justice.
- Retention of military physicians in the portuguese armed forces: employer attractiveness, perceived organisational support and people managementPublication . Loureiro, Maria Inês Monteiro Godinho de Matos; Fachada, Cristina Paula de Almeida; Loureiro, Nuno Alberto Rodrigues SantosThe Armed Forces (AAFF) face significant challenges in retaining highly trained and specialised personnel, particularly military physicians. In Portugal, this issue has led to a growing shortage of these professionals, driven by a worrying turnover rate. This study, grounded in inductive reasoning and employing a mixed-methods research strategy, aimed to assess Portuguese military physicians’ perceptions of the attractiveness and support provided by the AAFF, their turnover intentions (TI) and the People Management Practices (PMP4.0) they most value. The goal was to identify strategic guidelines to retain these high-value assets. Based on a sample representing 60% of all military physicians, the research revealed that the AAFF are perceived as only marginally attractive, and particularly unattractive in terms of benefits and rewards. Perceived organizational support (POS) among these officers is low and their TI is, overall, low. The PMP4.0 they most value tend to address the areas that these officers consider to be most lacking in attractiveness and organizational support. The study proposed strategic guidelines, which, after validation and analysis, provided internal employer branding strategies to help retain military physicians.