Silva, MargaridaMartins, DianaMendes, Fernando2022-10-112022-10-112022-07-11Silva, M.; Martins, D.; Mendes, F. The role of immune checkpoint blockade in acute myeloid leukemia. Onco 2022, 2, 164-180. https://doi.org/10.3390/onco20300112673-7523http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/41902Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has emerged as a therapeutic option for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) for patients that suffer from relapsed or high-risk disease, or patients ineligible for standard therapy. We aimed to study ICI as monotherapy and/or combined therapy (with chemotherapy (QT), for AML patients. The PRISMA statement was used. The literature used comprised clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, and systematic reviews published within the last 7 years. The blockade of CTLA-4 presented a 42% of complete remission within AML. Nivolumab in high-risk AML showed a median recurrence-free survival (RFS) of 8.48 months. The same drug on relapsed hematologic malignancies after allogenic transplantation shows a 1-year OS of 56%. The use of prophylaxis post allogenic transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy), following checkpoint inhibition, demonstrated different baseline disease and transplantation characteristics when compared to no-PCTy patients, being 32% and 10%, respectively. CTLA-4 blockage was a worthy therapeutic approach in relapsed hematologic malignancies, presenting long-lasting responses. The approach to AML and myelodysplastic syndrome patients with ICI before allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and the use of a graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis have shown improvement in the transplantation outcomes, and therefore AML treatment.engAcute myeloid leukemiaTreatmentImmune checkpointLeucemia mieloide agudaTerapêuticaInibidores de checkpoint imunológicojournal article10.3390/onco2030011