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{\listoverride\listid2022585475\listoverridecount0\ls63}{\listoverride\listid2131780432\listoverridecount0\ls64}{\listoverride\listid1265184875\listoverridecount0\ls65}{\listoverride\listid958028354\listoverridecount0\ls66}{\listoverride\listid1499886507
\listoverridecount0\ls67}{\listoverride\listid1239249836\listoverridecount0\ls68}{\listoverride\listid1080131503\listoverridecount0\ls69}{\listoverride\listid964508495\listoverridecount0\ls70}{\listoverride\listid273679513\listoverridecount0\ls71}
{\listoverride\listid274991503\listoverridecount0\ls72}{\listoverride\listid1463503711\listoverridecount0\ls73}{\listoverride\listid1216086092\listoverridecount0\ls74}{\listoverride\listid192571849\listoverridecount0\ls75}{\listoverride\listid598563933
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{\operator Diana Santos}{\creatim\yr2003\mo3\dy14\hr11\min19}{\revtim\yr2003\mo3\dy14\hr11\min19}{\printim\yr2003\mo3\dy14\hr10\min58}{\version2}{\edmins0}{\nofpages10}{\nofwords5426}{\nofchars30930}{\*\company SINTEF, Linguateca}{\nofcharsws37984}
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\par }\pard \s37\widctlpar\tqc\tx4593\tqr\tx9185\adjustright {
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
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\par }{\f0\lang2070 Diana Santos
\par }\pard \widctlpar\adjustright {\f0\lang2070 Linguateca, SINTEF
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s1 \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\kerning28\cgrid \hich\af4\dbch\af0\loch\f4 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s1\fi-454\li454\sb240\sa60\keep\keepn\widctlpar\tx907\tx1361\tx1814\ls40\outlinelevel0\adjustright \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\kerning28\cgrid {
Introduction
\par }\pard\plain \qj\widctlpar\adjustright \f4\lang1044\cgrid {\f0\fs20\lang2070 
An obvious assumption of the present workshop is that multilingual corpora are useful, and should be built and investigated. In the present paper, I would like to point out that this is far from straightforward and actually remains to be proved.
\par }\pard \qj\fi357\widctlpar\adjustright {\f0\fs20\lang2070 In addition, and in a more constructive vein, I want to present some examples that show that the right encoding depends crucially on what one wants to do with the corpus (using now bilingual corpor
a as the domain of experience), and that there is no such thing as the right general purpose (multilingual or bilingual) corpus as much as there was no way to get at a general-purpose problem solver, or a general-purpose dictionary.
\par The paper is structured as follows: I start with raising some problems with 
\par a) the definition of multilinguality in general
\par b) what people call multilingual applications
\par c) the purpose of multilingual corpora
\par d) the encoding of multilingual corpora
\par And go on with the main messa
ge of the paper: there is no general purpose corpora; what you compile and encode depends on what you want to do. I try to give some concrete examples based on my work with monolingual and parallel corpora. I end the paper with the suggestion that, rather
 than start talking about standards, we should be looking at methodological issues and actual corpus use \endash  hypotheses tested and actual advantages.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s1 \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\kerning28\cgrid \hich\af4\dbch\af0\loch\f4 2.\tab}}\pard\plain \s1\fi-454\li454\sb240\sa60\keep\keepn\widctlpar\tx907\tx1361\tx1814\ls40\outlinelevel0\adjustright \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\kerning28\cgrid {
What is multilinguality?
\par }\pard\plain \qj\widctlpar\adjustright \f4\lang1044\cgrid {\f0\fs20\lang2070 I have argued at length in (Santos 1999) that there was no satisfactory definition o
f multilinguality over and above bilinguality. In the present section I repeat the main points of that paper, adding some new evidence in the subsections below.
\par }\pard \qj\fi357\widctlpar\adjustright {\f0\fs20\lang2070 In (Santos 1999), I contended that 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2070\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li717\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx717{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls79\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls79\adjustright {\f0\fs20\lang2070 
the main and only context where multilinguality made sense in itself was the one dealing with truly multilingual people, who use different languages in different spheres (allegedly a rare user community for corpus applications)
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2070\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li717\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx717{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls79\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls79\adjustright {\f0\fs20\lang2070 
"handling several languages well enough" is a too broad and little relevant definition (since it could be done by several monolingual agents)
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2070\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li717\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx717{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls79\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls79\adjustright {\f0\fs20\lang2070 
multilinguality, to be more than a mere sum of monolingual applications or behaviour, has always to involve some sort of translation (from one language to others) \endash  if one excludes language identificat
ion or language ranking (basically "meta-natural language\rdblquote  applications)
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\f3\fs20\lang2070\cgrid \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li717\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx717{\*\pn \pnlvlblt\ilvl0\ls79\pnrnot0\pnf3\pnstart1\pnindent360\pnhang{\pntxtb \'b7}}\ls79\adjustright {\f0\fs20\lang2070 
all multilingual systems are just piecewise bilingual, there is no multilinguality over and above bilinguality
\par }\pard \qj\fi360\widctlpar\adjustright {\f0\fs20\lang2070 This last point will be detailed in the next section, when multilingual 
applications are discussed. It should be born in mind, however, that while the goal of (Santos 1999) was to defend language-dependent \endash  primarily monolingual \endash  applications, the purpose of the present text is to propose concentrating on }{
\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 bilingual}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  corpora (and applications) instead of multilingual ones.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\cgrid \hich\af4\dbch\af0\loch\f4 2.1\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-454\li454\sb240\sa60\keep\keepn\widctlpar\tx907\tx1361\tx1814\ls41\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\cgrid {
What are multilingual applications?
\par }\pard\plain \qj\widctlpar\adjustright \f4\lang1044\cgrid {\f0\fs20\lang2070 (Santos 1999) analysed in detail several multilingual applications, such as generation and interlingual MT, to show that they were basically N-times bilingual, no matter th
e claims often advanced. 
\par }\pard \qj\fi357\widctlpar\adjustright {\f0\fs20\lang2070 
I will now add, in the present paper, further examples of attempts to go multilingual, which have not, in my opinion, managed to overcome the conceptual difficulty of having multilinguality adding value to what is bilinguality, or
 rather, involving translation between }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 two}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  languages. 
\par }\pard \qj\fi360\widctlpar\adjustright {\f0\fs20\lang2070 
Let us start with cross language information retrieval (CLIR), whose purpose is to get at information no matter in which language it is conveyed. Here again, one has a multilingual system, whose more n
atural architecture involves either translation of the query into several monolingual IR systems, or translation of the results into the language required by the user. The ranking of several results in different languages is then a "meta-natural language
\rdblquote  application and, as far as I know, is being handled as a typical IR task, using no language clues. 
\par I am, in any case, willing to accept the fact that multilingual corpora can allow a thorough evaluation of CLIR (as well as all other CL-endeavours, such as CL-summarization, CL-query answering, etc., which can be called \ldblquote meta-NL\rdblquote 
 applications, since the language is itself a variable of the application). However, it has rarely been the case that the need for such applications has been motivated in the first place. 
\par For example, to my knowledge it has never been demonstrated that there is enough different content on the Web on the same topic and in different languages in order for CLIR to be a relevant application: the CLEF experiment (Peters and Braschler 2002
), although undoubtedly a major advancement in promoting evaluation campaigns in Europe and in languages other than English, may be rather artificial, since it comprises newspaper text in seven languages at the same time \endash  where most of the 
\ldblquote international news\rdblquote  would be repeated seven times and no need to find them in other languages except if one was writing a journalism research paper.}{\cs38\f0\fs20\lang2070\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s39\widctlpar\adjustright \f4\fs20\lang1044\cgrid {\cs38\super \chftn }{ German social science documents and French bibliographic references, which make up the scientific collection part, seem
 to me not to be multilingual (although CLIR) and thus their discussion lies outside the subject of this paper.}}}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  To measure what would be the user gain \endash 
 in the line for example of evaluations such as the one performed by (Resnik 1997) for gisting \endash 
 should be conceptually a first step. As we argued in (Aires and Santos 2002), to my knowledge there has been as yet no research on Web content per language (the few characterizations of Web }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 content}{\f0\fs20\lang2070 
 are always either in general (Broder 2002) or restricted to English (Spink et al 2002)). 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\cgrid \hich\af4\dbch\af0\loch\f4 2.2\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-454\li454\sb240\sa60\keep\keepn\widctlpar\tx907\tx1361\tx1814\ls41\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\cgrid {
What is the purpose of multilingual corpora?
\par }\pard\plain \qj\fi360\widctlpar\adjustright \f4\lang1044\cgrid {\f0\fs20\lang2070 One may roughly separate three main uses of corpora: research, education, and evaluation (obviously not mutually exclusive, in theory).
\par As to evaluation of multilingual }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 applications}{\f0\fs20\lang2070 , I have above argued that \endash  except for CL-ones \endash  they are non-existent (or rather, that they can be reduced to bilingual ones). }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 
Education}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  in several languages at the same time is not, to my knowledge, usual, and I have never seen discussed or even proposed that it should be done simultaneously. Therefore, }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 research}{\f0\fs20\lang2070 
 in multilingual issues remains the only argument for creating multilingual corpora.
\par But the need for research pressupposes that there are truly multilingual questions that make sense to ask, and therefore try to answer. Since I myself cannot come up with any,}{\cs38\f0\fs20\lang2070\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s39\widctlpar\adjustright \f4\fs20\lang1044\cgrid {\cs38\super \chftn }{ Excluding diachronic studies comparing the evolution of languages of a same family.}}}{\f0\fs20\lang2070 
 I will survey some published work on multilingual corpora, to see if they can be found.
\par Let us start with considering the work based on the Oslo Multilingual Corpus (OMC) (see e.g. Johansson 2002), as well as several recent books on parallel corpora (Johansson and Oksefjell 1998; V\'e9
ronis 2000; Borin 2002), some of them touching the issues of multilingual corpora as well.
\par (Johansson 2002:47) states: \ldblquote if we want to gain insight into language and translation generally, and at the same time highlight the characteristics of each language, it is desirable to extend the comparison beyond language pairs\rdblquote 
. It is unfortunately neither evident how one is to gain this insight, using a m
ultilingual corpus, nor how a comparison can be extended beyond language pairs. My impression is that the corpus linguistics literature in general has been too vague in explaining why and what for, even though a lot is being written about how [to compile 
/ encode a corpus]. 
\par (Fabricius-Hansen 1998) is, to my knowledge, the first to actually use a multilingual corpus to substantiate her claims on information density, by comparing translations from German into both Norwegian and English, and trying to identif
y strategies of information splitting in the two language pairs. It is not clear whether the use of two different bilingual corpora (one German - Norwegian, the other German - English) would not allow her to draw the same conclusions, though.
\par In (V\'e9ronis 2000), there is only one paper about multilingual corpora or applications, that of Simard, discussed below; (Brown et al. 2000), although concerned with CLIR, only handles the bilingual case.
\par (Simard 2000) independently repeats my point that it is not obvio
us whether the existence of multilingual corpora can make new applications possible, and offers his paper on multilingual text alignment with the following justification: "what this chapter intends to show is that while trilingual or }{
\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 multilingual text alignments may not be interesting in themselves,}{\f0\fs20\lang2070 
 any additional version of a translated text should be viewed as additional information that can and should be used to produce better bilingual alignments, and therefore a better knowledge of bilingual translatio
nal equivalences" (Simard, 2002:50, emphasis added). However, it remains to be convincingly shown that this is the case, especially since the only experiments reported concerned the Bible, which is not exactly the kind of text one would develop most appli
cations for (or base most research on modern languages on).
\par As regards (Borin 2002), and though this book includes several papers featuring the fashionable multilingual label in their titles, there is not a single one which is actually concerned with more t
han parallel cases of bilingual corpora. In fact, when the authors describe multilingual corpora they simply show that their system works with several language pairs... never with language trios or quartets.
\par The only exception is the paper on the compilation of }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 bilingual}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  dictionaries using the Web (Grefenstette 2002), which uses a multilingual \ldblquote corpus\rdblquote 
 (the Web) and might be extended to trilingual (or multilingual) dictionaries. Grefenstette shows that automatic compilation works for languages with wide Web
 presence (and for which there already exist bilingual dictionaries), and claims that his algorithm could be applied to language pairs for which there are as yet no bilingual dictionaries and which have little Web presence. He does not produce any evidenc
e on this claim, though.
\par To me, it is hard to think of any application or human activity which could be enhanced by having a multilingual (instead of a bilingual) resource. Would a multilingual thesaurus explain better a concept to a human being? Would a mu
ltilingual dictionary help people solve their tasks in a better way? I have never seen any published (or other) evidence on that. But those, in my opinions, would be }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 the}{\f0\fs20\lang2070 
 valid arguments to build multilingual corpora. 
\par If one looks at more linguistic or translation-theoretic approaches of using multilingual corpora, one is conspicuously still at the descriptive level. I am quite positive in general to exploratory studies, but, in this case, the question is \endash 
 are descriptions of three or more languages in contrast (or in comparison) an asset for a language learner? a translator? a language engineer? even a linguist?}{\cs38\f0\fs20\lang2070\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s39\widctlpar\adjustright 
\f4\fs20\lang1044\cgrid {\cs38\super \chftn }{ }{\f0\lang2070 In my opinion, linguistics works that are based in a bun
ch of languages of which the linguist has reduced competence, or is dependent on informants, are a curse for linguistics as a scientific endeavour, but this is probably too contentious a point to be discussed here (not the right forum, anyway).}}}{
\f0\fs20\lang2070  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\cgrid \hich\af4\dbch\af0\loch\f4 2.3\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-454\li454\sb240\sa60\keep\keepn\widctlpar\tx907\tx1361\tx1814\ls41\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\cgrid {
Use of multilingual corpora
\par }\pard\plain \qj\widctlpar\adjustright \f4\lang1044\cgrid {\f0\fs20\lang2070 It is a fair point that, if one had the same text available in several languages, one might use the information more
 explicit in other languages to improve monolingual capabilities (as (Dagan and Itai 1994) claimed and at least for MT demonstrated, or as Simard argued as quoted above). However, in isolation this seems a weak argument to build multilingual corpora in th
e first place, instead of trying to improve the systems by less costly and less random ways.
\par }\pard \qj\fi360\widctlpar\adjustright {\f0\fs20\lang2070 That it is not automatically an advantage even for bilingual studies, or at least that we still have a long way to go until we know how to use this kind of corpora,
 is actually nicely illustrated by my own attempt at investigating the advantages of using a multilingual corpus for throwing some light on the differences between the prepositions }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 com}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  (Portuguese for }{
\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 with}{\f0\fs20\lang2070 ) and }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 med}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  (Norwegian for }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 with}{\f0\fs20\lang2070 ), reported in (Santos, 2002).
\par In fact, the purpose of my study was strictly bilingual, but due to the unfortunate fact that there are no bilingual Norwegian-Portuguese corpora available, I was forced to investigate the use of trilingual (Portuguese-English-Norwegian and Norweg
ian-English-Portuguese) corpora to see whether they still could give me some valuable information. This incidentally fitted in nicely within a small Nordic project whose purpose was to investigate clever ways to improve CALL for the Nordic languages (Bori
n et al. 2001). For Portuguese-speaking learners of Norwegian as the user group, I wanted to see what could be gained through corpus-based education resources and/or research, with the help of a pivot language (unsurprisingly, English).
\par So, in addition to use (somewhat) comparable corpora in the two languages;}{\cs38\f0\fs20\lang2070\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s39\widctlpar\adjustright \f4\fs20\lang1044\cgrid {\cs38\super \chftn }{ The data 
and results can be found in Santos (2002).}}}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  I turned to multilingual corpora to find out why the use of the prepositions }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 com}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  and }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 med}{\f0\fs20\lang2070 
 (both standardly corresponding to English }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 with}{\f0\fs20\lang2070 ) was so different in Portuguese and Norwegian. First, I tried to use the OMC to look at the distribution patterns of }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 with}{\f0\fs20\lang2070 
 into }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 com}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  and }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 med}{\f0\fs20\lang2070 
 or not (given that this corpus has some English source texts translated into the two languages), to see whether there was agreement or some obvious differences between the translati
ons into the two languages. This was, unfortunately, not possible, because, although the OMC is a multilingual corpus with translations into six languages, it did not offer a multilingual query capacity for the language trio I was interested with, and so 
I was forced to look independently at the translations involving }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 with}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  and/or }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 com}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  and }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 with}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  and/or }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 med}{
\f0\fs20\lang2070  for each language pair.
\par  So, I had to use a "fictive" trilingual corpus composed of the ENPC (Johansson et al. 1999) and COMPARA (Frankenberg-Garcia and San
tos 2000), thus Norwegian - English and English - Portuguese, respectively, to compare the use of these two prepositions. The results,}{\cs38\f0\fs20\lang2070\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s39\widctlpar\adjustright \f4\fs20\lang1044\cgrid {
\cs38\super \chftn }{ The data presented here concerns COMPARA in a version below 1.6 (April 2002). At the time of writing the present paper, COMPARA, in version 3.2, features 25 text pairs as opposed to the 16 of that time. COMPARA 
is a collaboration project with Ana Frankenberg's team. Access to COMPARA is available from }{\field{\*\fldinst { HYPERLINK http://www.linguateca.pt/COMPARA }{{\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b4200000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c0069006e0067007500610074006500630061002e00700074002f0043004f004d0050004100520041000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs41\ul\cf2 
http://www.linguateca.pt/COMPARA}}}{.}}}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  displayed in Tables 1 and 2, show that there is considerable deviation between the use of English }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 with}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  and each of these
 prepositions, but could not shed any further light about the differences between the prepositions themselves. 
\par }\pard\plain \s97\qc\sl360\slmult0\widctlpar\adjustright \lang1044\cgrid {\fs20\lang2070 Table 1. Relationship between }{\i\fs20\lang2070 with}{\fs20\lang2070  and }{\i\fs20\lang2070 com}{\fs20\lang2070  in COMPARA and ENPC (En-Po)
\par }\trowd \trqc\trgaph108\trleft140\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 
\clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4021\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5438\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6928\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx8273\pard\plain \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright \f4\lang1044\cgrid {\fs20\lang2070 Pattern\cell 
COMPARA\cell ENPC (En-Po)\cell Total\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 \row }\trowd \trqc\trgaph108\trleft140\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4021\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb 
\cellx5438\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6928\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx8273
\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\i\fs20\lang2070 Com}{\fs20\lang2070  in original text\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 757\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 \cell }\pard 
\qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 \cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\i\fs20\lang2070 Com }{\fs20\lang2070 in translation from English \cell }\pard 
\qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 1657\cell 2313\cell 3970\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\i\fs20\lang2070 With}{\fs20\lang2070  in original text\cell }\pard 
\qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 1063\cell 1585\cell 2648\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\i\fs20\lang2070 With}{\fs20\lang2070  in translation from Portuguese}{
\i\fs20\lang2070 \cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 882\cell \cell \cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\i\fs20\lang2070 Com }{\fs20\lang2070 translated by }{
\i\fs20\lang2070 with\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 480 (63.4%)\cell \cell \cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\i\fs20\lang2070 Com }{\fs20\lang2070 
not translated by }{\i\fs20\lang2070 with\cell }\pard\plain \s29\qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright \f4\lang1044\cgrid {\f0\fs20\lang2070 277 (36.6%)\cell \cell \cell }\pard\plain \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright \f4\lang1044\cgrid {\fs20\lang2070 \row }\pard 
\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\i\fs20\lang2070 With}{\fs20\lang2070  translated by }{\i\fs20\lang2070 com\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 804 (75.6%)\cell 1144 (72.2%)\cell 1948 (73.5%)\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright 
{\fs20\lang2070 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\i\fs20\lang2070 With}{\fs20\lang2070  not translated by }{\i\fs20\lang2070 com\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 259 (24.0%)\cell 441 (27.8%)\cell 700 (26.4%)\cell 
}\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\i\fs20\lang2070 Com}{\fs20\lang2070  in translation not corresponding to }{\i\fs20\lang2070 with\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 
751 (45.3%)\cell 1028 (44.4%)\cell 1779 (44.8%)\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 \row }\trowd \trqc\trgaph108\trleft140\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4021\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5438\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6928\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx8273\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\i\fs20\lang2070 With}{\fs20\lang2070  in translation not corresponding to }{\i\fs20\lang2070 com\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 387 (43.9%)\cell \cell 
\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 \row }\pard\plain \s97\qc\sl360\slmult0\widctlpar\adjustright \lang1044\cgrid {\fs20\lang2070 Table 2. Relationship between }{\i\fs20\lang2070 with}{\fs20\lang2070  and }{\i\fs20\lang2070 med}{
\fs20\lang2070  in ENPC (En-No-En) (Fiction and Non-Fiction)
\par }\trowd \trqc\trgaph108\trleft-310\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 
\clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3612\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4982\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6399\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7749\pard\plain \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright \f4\lang1044\cgrid {\fs20\lang2070 Pattern\cell 
Fiction\cell }\pard\plain \s28\qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright \f4\fs20\lang1044\cgrid {\lang2070 Non Fiction\cell }\pard\plain \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright \f4\lang1044\cgrid {\fs20\lang2070 Total ENPC\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {
\fs20\lang2070 \row }\trowd \trqc\trgaph108\trleft-310\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3612\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4982\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6399\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7749\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\i\fs20\lang2070 Med }{\fs20\lang2070 
in original text\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 4799\cell 2431\cell 7230\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\i\fs20\lang2070 Med }{\fs20\lang2070 
in translation from English}{\i\fs20\lang2070 \cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 5319\cell 2903\cell 8222\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\i\fs20\lang2070 With }{
\fs20\lang2070 in original text}{\i\fs20\lang2070 \cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 3258\cell 1799\cell 5057\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\lang2070 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\i\fs20\lang2070 With}{
\fs20\lang2070  in translation from Norwegian}{\i\fs20\lang2070 \cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 3557\cell 1782\cell 5339\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {
\i\fs20\lang2070 Med}{\fs20\lang2070  translated by }{\i\fs20\lang2070 with\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 2678 (58.0%)\cell 1280 (52.6%)\cell 3958 (54.7%)\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 \row }\pard 
\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\i\fs20\lang2070 Med}{\fs20\lang2070  not translated by }{\i\fs20\lang2070 with\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 2014 (42.0%)\cell 1151 (47.3%)\cell 3165 (43.8%)\cell }\pard 
\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\i\fs20\lang2070 With }{\fs20\lang2070 translated by }{\i\fs20\lang2070 med\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 2338 (71.7%)\cell 1280 (71.1%)
\cell 3618 (71.5%)\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\i\fs20\lang2070 With}{\fs20\lang2070  not translated by }{\i\fs20\lang2070 med\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {
\fs20\lang2070 920 (28.2%)\cell 511 (28.4%)\cell 1431 (28.2%)\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\i\fs20\lang2070 With }{\fs20\lang2070 in translation not corresponding to }{\i\fs20\lang2070 
med}{\fs20\lang2070 \cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 879 (24.7%)\cell 567 (31.8%)\cell 1446 (27.0%)\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 \row }\trowd \trqc\trgaph108\trleft-310\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3612\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4982\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6399\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7749\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\i\fs20\lang2070 Med }{\fs20\lang2070 in translation not corresponding to }{\i\fs20\lang2070 with}{\fs20\lang2070 
\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 2761 (51.9%)\cell 1461 (50.3%)\cell 4222 (51.3%)\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 \row }\pard \qj\fi360\widctlpar\adjustright {\f0\fs20\lang2070 
\par These raw data show that }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 med}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  is more frequent than both }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 with}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  and }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 com}{\f0\fs20\lang2070 , and that a
 sizeable number of occurrences of these two prepositions in translated text does not correspond to }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 with}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  (44-45% for }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 com}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  and 50-52% for }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 med}{
\f0\fs20\lang2070 ). If one looks more closely at what these mismatches correspond some results are displayed for the English-Portuguese pair in Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6. (Codes for tables 4-6, all concerning COMPARA, are explained in Table 3.)
\par }\pard \widctlpar\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \s97\qc\widctlpar\adjustright \lang1044\cgrid {\fs20 Table 3. Kinds of mismatch when }{\i\fs20 com}{\fs20  and not }{\i\fs20 with}{\fs20 : CO - COMPARA
\par }\trowd \trqc\trgaph70\trleft697\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 
\clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3249\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4576\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5954\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7218\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx8545\pard\plain \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright \f4\lang1044\cgrid {\fs20 Kind / Code\cell translation from E->P (random in 5 pairs CO)\cell Translation from E->P
\par (all in 2.5 pairs, ENPC)\cell Translation from P to E (random in 10 pairs CO)\cell Total\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\trowd \trqc\trgaph70\trleft697\trkeep\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3249\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3816\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4576\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5954\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7218\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7785\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx8545\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 Different preposition/P\cell 
}\pard\plain \s29\qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright \f4\lang1044\cgrid {\f0\fs20 61\cell }\pard \s29\qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\f0\fs20 30.5%\cell }\pard \s29\qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\f0\fs20 21\cell }\pard\plain 
\qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright \f4\lang1044\cgrid {\fs20 27\cell }\pard\plain \s29\qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright \f4\lang1044\cgrid {\f0\fs20 109\cell }\pard \s29\qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 27%\cell }\pard\plain \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright 
\f4\lang1044\cgrid {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 Direct object vs. PP(com)/V\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 29\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 14.5%\cell }\pard 
\qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 16\cell 13\cell 58\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 14.5%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 Adverb/Adv\cell }\pard 
\qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 29\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 14.5%\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 15\cell 18\cell 60\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 15.5%\cell }\pard 
\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 Adjective/Adj\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 21\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 11.5%\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {
\fs20 10\cell 3\cell 34\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 8.5%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 Verb vs verb+PP(com)/VV\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 13
\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 6.6%\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 6\cell 3\cell 22\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 5.3%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard 
\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 Verb vs. PP(com)/vvv\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 4\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 2%\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 3\cell 4\cell 11\cell }\pard 
\qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 2.8%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 Discourse/d\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 12\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {
\fs20 6%\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 4\cell 7\cell 23\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 5.8%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\i\fs20 and}{\fs20  vs. }{
\i\fs20 com}{\fs20 /and\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 2\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 1%\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \cell 4\cell 6\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 1.5%
\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 Reordering/R\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 29\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 14.5%\cell }\pard 
\qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 25\cell 21\cell 75\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 18.8%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\trowd \trqc\trgaph70\trleft697\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3249\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4576\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5954\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7218\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx8545\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20\lang2070 
\'bb explicit args\cell }{\fs20 2\cell 6\cell \cell \cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \'bb head swithching\cell 2\cell 6\cell 7\cell \cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row 
}\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \'bb }{\i\fs20 parecido}{\fs20  com\cell \cell 2\cell \cell \cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\trowd \trqc\trgaph70\trleft697\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3249\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4576\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5954\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7218\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx8545\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 Total
\cell }\pard \qc\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 200\cell 100\cell 100\cell 400\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard \qc\widctlpar\adjustright {\fs20 Table 4. Kinds of mismatch when }{\i\fs20 com }{\fs20 and not }{\i\fs20 with}{\fs20 , Portuguese translated into English
\par }\trowd \trqc\trgaph70\trleft430\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 
\clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx1281\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx1848\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx2552\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3278\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3686\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4070\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4495\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4921\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5346\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5913\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6338\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6763\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7189\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7756\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx8323\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 Pair\cell UA\rquote s\cell Words\cell }{\i\fs20 com\cell }{\fs20 P\cell V\cell Adv\cell Adj\cell VV\cell vvv\cell d \cell and\cell R\cell Total\cell % of }{\i\fs20 com}{\fs20 
\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\trowd \trqc\trgaph70\trleft430\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx1281\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx1848\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx2552\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3278\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3686\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4070\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4495\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4921\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5346\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5913\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6338\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6763\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7189\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7756\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx8323\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 PBJAT1\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 219\cell 3470\cell 17\cell \cell 1\cell \cell 
\cell \cell \cell 2\cell \cell \cell 3\cell 18%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 PBJAT1\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 219\cell 3470\cell 17\cell \cell \cell \cell \cell 1
\cell \cell 1\cell \cell 3\cell 5\cell 29%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 PBMA1\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 841\cell 12614\cell 83\cell 5\cell 9\cell 5\cell 1\cell 
\cell \cell 1\cell \cell 7\cell 28\cell 34%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 PBMA2\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 491\cell 11554\cell 81\cell 7\cell 2\cell 5\cell 1\cell 1
\cell \cell 3\cell \cell 3\cell 22\cell 27%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 PBMA3\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 661\cell 11021\cell 66\cell 4\cell 1\cell 6\cell 1\cell 1
\cell \cell 1\cell 1\cell 9\cell 24\cell 36%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 PBPC1\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 772\cell 10775\cell 97\cell 10\cell 9\cell 2\cell 5\cell 
\cell 1\cell 1\cell \cell 22\cell 50\cell 52%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 PBPM1\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 1025\cell 14036\cell 100\cell 16\cell 8\cell 2\cell 1
\cell 1\cell 1\cell \cell 6\cell 5\cell 40\cell 40%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 PPEQ1\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 303\cell 6754\cell 46\cell 4\cell 1\cell 3\cell 5
\cell \cell 5\cell 5\cell \cell 2\cell 25\cell 54%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 PPMC1\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 1394\cell 23499\cell 217\cell 17\cell 8\cell 17
\cell 2\cell \cell 1\cell 4\cell 2\cell 12\cell 63\cell 29%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 PPSC1\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 615\cell 9440\cell 33\cell 6\cell 3\cell 1
\cell \cell \cell 1\cell \cell \cell 5\cell 16\cell 48%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 Total\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 6540\cell \cell }{\b\fs20 757\cell }{\fs20 69
\cell 42\cell 41\cell 16\cell 4\cell 9\cell 18\cell 9\cell 68\cell }{\b\fs20 276\cell 36%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\trowd \trqc\trgaph70\trleft430\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx1281\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx1848\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx2552\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3278\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3686\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4070\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4495\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4921\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5346\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5913\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6338\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6763\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7189\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7756\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx8323\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 % mism\cell }\pard 
\qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \cell \cell \cell 25\cell 15\cell 15\cell 5.8\cell 1.4\cell 3.3\cell 6.5\cell 3.3\cell 25\cell \cell \cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard \qc\widctlpar\adjustright {\fs20 Table 5. Kinds of mismatch when }{\i\fs20 with }{\fs20 and not }{\i\fs20 com}{\fs20 , Portuguese translated into English 
\par }\trowd \trqc\trgaph70\trleft339\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 
\clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx1191\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx1758\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx2268\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx2676\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3101\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3527\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4085\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4652\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5086\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5511\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5936\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6503\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6929\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7496\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx8204\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 Pair\cell }{\i\fs20 with\cell }{\fs20 P\cell V\cell Adv\cell Adj\cell VV\cell vvv\cell D \cell and\cell R\cell }{\i\fs20 sem\cell }{\fs20 N\cell Total\cell % of }{\i\fs20 with}{
\fs20 \cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\trowd \trqc\trgaph70\trleft339\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx1191\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx1758\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx2268\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx2676\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3101\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3527\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4085\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4652\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5086\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5511\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5936\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6503\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6929\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7496\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx8204\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 PBJAT1\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 27\cell 2\cell 1\cell \cell \cell \cell \cell 1
\cell \cell 3\cell \cell \cell 7\cell 26%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 PBJAT1\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 21\cell 1\cell 1\cell \cell 1\cell \cell \cell 1\cell 
\cell 2\cell \cell \cell 6\cell 28%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 PBMA1\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 97\cell 19\cell 5\cell \cell 2\cell 1\cell 1\cell 1\cell 3\cell 5
\cell 2\cell \cell 39\cell 40%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 PBMA2\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 105\cell 19\cell 3\cell 2\cell \cell 2\cell \cell \cell \cell 9\cell 1
\cell 1\cell 37\cell 35%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 PBMA3\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 97\cell 17\cell 3\cell \cell \cell 2\cell \cell 7\cell 1\cell 13\cell 2\cell 
\cell 45\cell 46%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 PBPC1\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 69\cell 8\cell 3\cell \cell \cell \cell \cell \cell 1\cell 9\cell 1\cell \cell 22
\cell 32%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 PBPM1\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 89\cell 9\cell 2\cell \cell 4\cell 2\cell \cell 5\cell \cell 3\cell 1\cell \cell 27\cell 30%
\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 PPEQ1\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 59\cell 15\cell 2\cell 1\cell 1\cell 1\cell \cell \cell \cell 6\cell \cell 1\cell 27\cell 46%\cell 
}\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 PPMC1\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 249\cell 60\cell 12\cell 3\cell 6\cell \cell 2\cell 1\cell 1\cell 7\cell 1\cell 1\cell 94\cell 38%\cell 
}\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 PPSC1\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 69\cell 25\cell 4\cell 1\cell 5\cell 1\cell 1\cell 1\cell \cell 10\cell 1\cell 1\cell 50\cell 72%\cell 
}\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 Total\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\b\fs20 882\cell }{\fs20 175\cell 36\cell 6\cell 19\cell 9\cell 4\cell 17\cell 6\cell 67\cell 9\cell 4\cell }{
\b\fs20 350\cell 40%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\trowd \trqc\trgaph70\trleft339\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx1191\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx1758\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx2268\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx2676\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3101\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3527\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4085\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4652\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5086\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5511\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5936\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6503\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6929\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7496\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx8204\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 % mism.\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \cell 50\cell 10\cell 1.7\cell 5.4\cell 2.5\cell 
1.1\cell 4.9\cell 1.7\cell 19\cell 2.5\cell 1.1\cell \cell \cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard \qc\widctlpar\adjustright {\fs20 Table 6. Kinds of mismatch when }{\i\fs20 with }{\fs20 and not }{\i\fs20 com}{\fs20 , English translated into Portuguese
\par }\trowd \trqc\trgaph70\trleft1110\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 
\clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx2102\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx2669\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3236\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3662\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4229\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4796\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5221\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5646\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6071\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6720\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7088\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7655\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx8071\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx8780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx9347\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 Pair\cell }{\i\fs20 with\cell }{\fs20 P\cell V\cell Adv\cell Adj\cell VV\cell vvv\cell D \cell }{\i\fs20 e
\par (and)\cell }{\fs20 R\cell }{\i\fs20 sem\cell }{\fs20 N/
\par pron\cell Total\cell % of }{\i\fs20 with}{\fs20 \cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\trowd \trqc\trgaph70\trleft1110\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx2102\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb \cellx2669\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3236\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb 
\cellx3662\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4229\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4796
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5221\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5646\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6071\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6720\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7088\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7655\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx8071\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx8780\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx9347\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 EBDL1T1\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 301\cell 40\cell 6\cell \cell 2\cell 6\cell 1
\cell 1\cell 3\cell 19\cell 2\cell 2\cell 82\cell 27%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 EBDL1T2\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 301\cell 27\cell 6\cell \cell 1\cell 2\cell 
\cell 1\cell 1\cell 22\cell 1\cell 1\cell 62\cell 21%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 EBJB1\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 130\cell 17\cell 4\cell \cell \cell 2\cell 
\cell 1\cell \cell 3\cell 1\cell 1\cell 29\cell 22%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 EBJT1\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 211\cell 20\cell 3\cell 1\cell 4\cell 3\cell 
\cell \cell \cell 9\cell 4\cell \cell 45\cell 21%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 ESNG1\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 120\cell 6\cell 5\cell \cell 2\cell 2\cell \cell 
\cell \cell 1\cell 1\cell \cell 17\cell 14%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 Total\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\b\fs20 1063\cell }{\fs20 110\cell 24\cell 1\cell 9\cell 15
\cell 1\cell 4\cell 4\cell 64\cell 9\cell 4\cell }{\b\fs20 235\cell 22%\cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\trowd \trqc\trgaph70\trleft1110\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx2102\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx2669\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3236\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3662\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4229\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4796\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5221\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5646\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6071\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6720\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7088\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7655\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx8071\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx8780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx9347\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 % mism.\cell }\pard \qr\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {
\fs20 \cell 47\cell 10\cell .42\cell 3.8\cell 6.3\cell .42\cell 1.7\cell 1.7\cell 27\cell 3.8\cell 1.7\cell \cell \cell }\pard \widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\fs20 \row }\pard \widctlpar\adjustright {\fs20 
\par }\pard \qj\fi357\widctlpar\adjustright {\fs20 Even though a considerable number of cases seems to be lexically determined, it is interesting to note that the correspondence pattern of presence/absence of the prepositions }{\i\fs20 com}{\fs20  and }{
\i\fs20 with}{\fs20  seems to be rather common, irrespective of the direction of translation and, to a lesser degree, of actual preposition.
\par }\pard \qj\fi360\widctlpar\adjustright {\f0\fs20\lang2070 My conclusion, as far as a multilingual corpus (of this kind) is concerned, is that interesting bilingual findings can be read for each directly related/translated pair of languages,}{
\cs38\f0\fs20\lang2070\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s39\widctlpar\adjustright \f4\fs20\lang1044\cgrid {\cs38\super \chftn }{ Even though I have no opportunity to dwell on them in the present text.}}}{\f0\fs20\lang2070 
 but no generalization is possible to three languages (and thus to 
two not directly related/translated, which was my initial aim). In other words, the sum of two bilingual experiments and contrasts did not illuminate the particular issue I was preoccupied with (the missing bilingual question). That is: a trilingual corpu
s may be }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 less}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  than a bilingual corpus.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s1 \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\kerning28\cgrid \hich\af4\dbch\af0\loch\f4 3.\tab}}\pard\plain \s1\fi-454\li454\sb240\sa60\keep\keepn\widctlpar\tx907\tx1361\tx1814\ls40\outlinelevel0\adjustright \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\kerning28\cgrid {
Encoding of multilingual corpora
\par }\pard\plain \qj\widctlpar\adjustright \f4\lang1044\cgrid {\f0\fs20\lang2070 
But not only it is hard to find cases where it pays to deal simultaneously with more than two languages, it may be that such a requirement may pose unexpected challenges. In (Santos 199
8), I described in considerable detail encoding questions related to direct speech (and, in particular, punctuation issues) in a multilingual corpus including Portuguese, English and Norwegian, pressing the conclusion that there was simply }{
\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 no}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  way to solve the problem without letting one language dictate the conventions.
\par }\pard \qj\fi360\widctlpar\adjustright {\f0\fs20\lang2070 In that paper, I claimed that there was no way to give an uniform treatment of the semi-colon and be faithful to the three languages (in the sense of using the language conventions of each f
or encoding) and then have a similar alignment procedure for the three pairs.
\par In other words, alignment (and, more generally, to put things in correspondence) requires having a theory of what is common, and there may be no consistent theory if one has thre
e languages. One can always find one theory with two languages, for example by using translation practice, or forcing source (or target) interpretation to dictate the structure; but in the context of three languages there are simply cases where one cannot
 do that.
\par In COMPARA, which is bilingual, the choice taken was to let originals define sentence alignment, which is always one source sentence to (parts or numbers of) target sentences. We maintained a language-specific version of sentence separation in the
 two languages, as far as there are such things as a standard English sentence and a standard Portuguese sentence (see below), but we do not have a standard notion of sentence (independent of language), which means that the two parts E to P and P to E may
 differ subtly.
\par Before we leave the topic of encoding, a final note is in place. Although I claimed in (Santos 1998b) that, conceptually, the following three things should be kept separate: corpus proper, corpus encoding system and corpus interface (or use)
; for all practical purposes, if you cannot use a corpus with a multilingual query capability (as it was the case with the OMC for the trio English-Norwegian-Portuguese}{\cs38\f0\fs20\lang2070\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s39\widctlpar\adjustright \f4\fs20\lang1044\cgrid {\cs38\super \chftn }{ This i
s no technical shortcoming of the OMC, since this possibility exists for other language trios. Simply at the time of the research reported here it was not implemented for Portuguese.}}}{\f0\fs20\lang2070 
) you might as well state that you were not conversing with a multilingual corpus, but simply with two bilingual ones.
\par So, what is a multilingual corpus in terms of minimum query capabilities might also be a pertinent question, not always made crystal clear.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s1 \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\kerning28\cgrid \hich\af4\dbch\af0\loch\f4 4.\tab}}\pard\plain \s1\fi-454\li454\sb240\sa60\keep\keepn\widctlpar\tx907\tx1361\tx1814\ls40\outlinelevel0\adjustright \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\kerning28\cgrid {
What the corpus user wants the corpus for is determinant
\par }\pard\plain \qj\widctlpar\adjustright \f4\lang1044\cgrid {\f0\fs20\lang2070 In any case, one important thing \endash  probably the single most relevant one \endash 
 is what one wants the (multilingual) corpus for, and this is actually the main message conveyed in the present paper.
\par }\pard \qj\fi360\widctlpar\adjustright {\f0\fs20\lang2070 Do we want a multilingual corpus for evaluation of cross-language applications? Do we want
 a multilingual corpus to automatically create lexicographic multilingual resources? Do we want a multilingual corpus to study more than two languages at the same time?
\par Different wishes call for radically different encoding procedures and choices, as illustrated, for the treebank case, in (Santos 2003). Let me present very simple, one might even call trivial, examples related to monolingual or parallel corpora.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\cgrid \hich\af4\dbch\af0\loch\f4 4.1\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-454\li454\sb240\sa60\keep\keepn\widctlpar\tx907\tx1361\tx1814\ls41\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\cgrid {Words
\par }\pard\plain \qj\widctlpar\adjustright \f4\lang1044\cgrid {\f0\fs20\lang2070 First of all, for most of the units that could be devised in any of the languages, there is
 never a precise and unambiguous definition, even in one language alone. Let me recall (Grefenstette and Tapanainen 1994)\rquote 
s "What is a word? What is a sentence?" questions dealing with English but equally pertinent if translated into any language that has words about basic units of language... 
\par }\pard \qj\fi360\widctlpar\adjustright {\f0\fs20\lang2070 
So, I can cite on this respect, with Portuguese as the object language, that (Santos and Bick 2000) measured as much as 14% tokenization differences among two different systems for Portuguese. And this was not an iso
lated property of a particular system, as was painfully illustrated in (Santos et al. 2003), where five different morphological analysers cut the tokenization pie in widely different ways.
\par Assuming, now, that morphological analysers have some understanding
 of the notion of word (or of what is the basic language unit that can be classified), this implies that parallel corpora compiled by each of these groups would feature grossly different characteristics (and we might as well expect different word alignmen
t results, and perhaps significant differences in every lexical study performed).
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\cgrid \hich\af4\dbch\af0\loch\f4 4.2\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-454\li454\sb240\sa60\keep\keepn\widctlpar\tx907\tx1361\tx1814\ls41\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\cgrid {Sentences
\par }\pard\plain \qj\widctlpar\adjustright \f4\lang1044\cgrid {\f0\fs20\lang2070 If the word is tricky to define and difficult to agree upon, the sentence does not fare any better.  In fact, sentence separation programs (see our Web page at the A
C/DC project site}{\cs38\f0\fs20\lang2070\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s39\widctlpar\adjustright \f4\fs20\lang1044\cgrid {\cs38\super \chftn }{ http://acdc.linguateca.pt/acesso/atomizacao.html}}}{\f0\fs20\lang2070 
 for a detailed description of the basic algorithm) were revised differently for two different projects with different goals. This led to the (maybe surprising) situation that the same institution, Linguateca}{\cs38\f0\fs20\lang2070\super \chftn 
{\footnote \pard\plain \s39\widctlpar\adjustright \f4\fs20\lang1044\cgrid {\cs38\super \chftn }{ Linguateca is a publ
ically funded virtual organization for developing free and publically available resources for the Portuguese language, with three main lines of action: maintaining a Web portal for NLP of Portuguese, developing and improving Portuguese language resources,
 and organizing evaluation contests for Portuguese. It was created as a follow-up of the Computational Processing of Portuguese project, and has currently nodes in Oslo, Braga, Lisbon and Oporto. Cf. }{\field{\*\fldinst {
 HYPERLINK http://www.linguateca.pt }{{\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000017000000120000007700770077002e006c0069006e0067007500610074006500630061002e00700074000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b3400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006c0069006e006700750061007400650063006100
2e00700074002f000000}}}{\fldrslt {\cs41\ul\cf2 www.linguateca.pt}}}{.}}}{\f0\fs20\lang2070 , displays and serves three different "sentence flavours", depending on the kind of application that the corpora are built for:
\par }\pard \qj\fi360\widctlpar\adjustright {\f0\fs20\lang2070 1. Namely, for the AC/DC project (Santos and Bick 2000), a sentence defines a linguistically meaningful monolingual concordance unit;
\par 2. For the Floresta Sint\'e1(c)tica treebank (Afonso }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 et al.}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  2002), a sentence attempts to mirror something as close to a linguist\rquote s definition of sentence for purposes of syntactic structure as possible;

\par 3. For the English-Portuguese parallel corpus COMPARA (Frankenberg-Garcia and 
Santos 2000), a Portuguese sentence was chosen as what gives the best results in terms of aligning with English. In fact, sometimes, in cases where there was no general consensus, we took some radical choices, such as not considering (in some cases) the c
olon as a sentence separator for Portuguese.
\par Summing up, the differences are related to the pertinent notion of sentence in each application, given that the notion of sentence plays a different role in each of the projects. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\cgrid \hich\af4\dbch\af0\loch\f4 4.3\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-454\li454\sb240\sa60\keep\keepn\widctlpar\tx907\tx1361\tx1814\ls41\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\cgrid {Alignment
\par }\pard\plain \qj\widctlpar\adjustright \f4\lang1044\cgrid {\f0\fs20\lang2070 The previous example can be multiplied at will for almost every thing one encodes in parallel corpora. 
\par }\pard \qj\fi360\widctlpar\adjustright {\f0\fs20\lang2070 Let us take alignment issues next: how to evaluate an aligner (or the alignment result thereby produced) depends on what the user wants to do with that alignment: Should it r
eflect the extent of the differences among the two languages, or should it actually put into correspondence more or less the same "content" independent of form?
\par Note that this would give very different encoding strategies to the seemingly simple bi-texts you can query in COMPARA that involve the }{\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 reordering}{\f0\fs20\lang2070 
 of alignment units. One can separate the correspondence itself from the ordering in the text (as we did), but it is doubtful how much of this needs to be encoded or actually falls under the label "alignment" as generally understood.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\cgrid \hich\af4\dbch\af0\loch\f4 4.4\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-454\li454\sb240\sa60\keep\keepn\widctlpar\tx907\tx1361\tx1814\ls41\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\cgrid {Word correspondence

\par }\pard\plain \qj\widctlpar\adjustright \f4\lang1044\cgrid {\f0\fs20\lang2070 
Word correspondence issues: Again, how to measure a word aligner depends on what its application is: Was it designed to extract correct translation pairs, to detect translationese, to find reliable clues for sentence alignment, or to be used in CLIR? 

\par }\pard \qj\fi360\widctlpar\adjustright {\f0\fs20\lang2070 
If your goal is to find correspondence in context, you should be able to "align" rather different words; if your purpose is to create a bilingual dictionary, you should beware of creative translation.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\cgrid \hich\af4\dbch\af0\loch\f4 4.5\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-454\li454\sb240\sa60\keep\keepn\widctlpar\tx907\tx1361\tx1814\ls41\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\cgrid {Clause correspondence

\par }\pard\plain \qj\fi360\widctlpar\adjustright \f4\lang1044\cgrid {\f0\fs20\lang2070 
Clause correspondence, a task in between the two previous ones, concerning clauses, which are considered by some the most meaningful unit to work with, can also be shown to depend widely on what is intended. 
\par In fact, identifying clauses in different languages is dependent on one's wish to e.g. a) identify simple translations for MT evaluation; b) create a bilingual valency dictionary; or c) study particular translation shifts and/or performance. 
\par While the "chass\'e9-crois\'e9"}{\cs38\f0\fs20\lang2070\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s39\widctlpar\adjustright \f4\fs20\lang1044\cgrid {\cs38\super \chftn }{
 This term was coined in (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1977:105) to describe a switch of verbs in main and adjunct clauses very common in translation. See (Santos 1996:248ff) for ample illustration.}}}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  described in (Santo
s 1996) in a contrastive study requires a fine-grained notion of clause, it is of no consequence for the evaluation of translation systems (since it is always the union of the two clauses which should be translated by two new clauses). 
\par And, while the existence of higher perception or saying verbs is irrelevant for the purpose of aligning the object clauses to create a bilingual dictionary, it exceedingly matters for discourse studies and the automatic verification of translations.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s2 \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\cgrid \hich\af4\dbch\af0\loch\f4 4.6\tab}}\pard\plain \s2\fi-454\li454\sb240\sa60\keep\keepn\widctlpar\tx907\tx1361\tx1814\ls41\ilvl1\outlinelevel1\adjustright \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\cgrid {Semantic studies
\par }\pard\plain \qj\widctlpar\adjustright \f4\lang1044\cgrid {\f0\fs20\lang2070 Take now
 a rather different marking of parallel corpora, namely aspectual encoding, with the purpose of e.g. identify aspectual gaps (Santos 1998c). In order to perform such study, one would need to have explicit annotation of  English and Portuguese aspectual cl
asses (which, as I argued at length in (Santos 1996), are different).
\par }\pard \qj\fi360\widctlpar\adjustright {\f0\fs20\lang2070 If, on the other hand, one used the same labels for both languages, one would be, at most, able to (and interested in) measuring surface similarity in translation.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s1 \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\kerning28\cgrid \hich\af4\dbch\af0\loch\f4 5.\tab}}\pard\plain \s1\fi-454\li454\sb240\sa60\keep\keepn\widctlpar\tx907\tx1361\tx1814\ls40\outlinelevel0\adjustright \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\kerning28\cgrid {
Concluding remarks
\par }\pard\plain \qj\widctlpar\outlinelevel0\adjustright \f4\lang1044\cgrid {\f0\fs20\lang2070 It s
eems too early to start discussing standards when there is not yet any given practice of using (and therefore being able to assess) multilingual corpora. In fact, I hope to have shown in this paper that, prior to how, the question of }{
\i\f0\fs20\lang2070 why}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  build multilingual corpora should be addressed.
\par }\pard \qj\fi360\widctlpar\adjustright {\f0\fs20\lang2070 
The question of what should be encoded (paid attention to, documented) should be crucial to every project, but different projects have different goals, which makes the idea of achieving a standard as useless as impractical. In
 fact, basic methodological issues -- how and what proceed to a given goal given a corpus, how to validate results and so on -- are far from settled in our discipline. We should devote more time to the semantics of what we do, rather than to its syntax (h
ow to wrap it).
\par Another consideration that seems relevant when talking about standards is the existence of two kinds of corpora: those too big to be humanly revised and edited, but which are required for statistical processing, and those into which creation
 a considerable care is put. These two kinds of corpora are often complementary, and are typically used by different kinds of researchers, respectively language engineers, and linguists. It has rarely been the case that the same kind of encoding is used f
or both kinds of projects, even though superficially they may use the same labels. So, apparent use of same "standard" labels may in fact be even misleading.
\par Even in the cases where one needs multilingual corpora to evaluate multilingual applications (of the kind called above \ldblquote meta-NL\rdblquote 
 applications), the NLP and linguistics community might  be looking at Web IR instead of creating corpora from the scratch. Sampling the Web seems to be the most effective way of getting a truly multilingual parallel corpus, wh
ich in addition is realistic in the sense that reflects language use and a large field of application. 
\par Using (Gaizauskas 1998)\rquote s terminology, I suggest, furthermore, that one should perform user-visible evaluation of (multilingual) corpora instead of argu
ing and agreeing on user-transparent criteria. And the same for all application areas mentioned above (such as alignment, semantics or clause correspondence).
\par Concluding, this paper basically argues against creating multilingual corpora and encoding standa
rds for them, when so many interesting and challenging unsolved questions, as well as useful applications, are to be found in bilingual (and monolingual) corpora. It uses two kinds of arguments: 
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\fs20\lang2070\cgrid \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li720\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls78\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}\ls78\adjustright {\f0\fs20\lang2070 
that there is no need for multilingual corpora in the first place (there is no multilinguality above bilinguality)
\par {\pntext\pard\plain\fs20\lang2070\cgrid \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \qj\fi-360\li720\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx720{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls78\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}\ls78\adjustright {\f0\fs20\lang2070 
that corpora have to be created with a purpose, and different purposes usually require different encoding (decisions)
\par }\pard \qj\fi360\widctlpar\adjustright {\f0\fs20\lang2070 A third practical argument would be that there are several more relevant kinds of p
arallel corpora that should be first taken into account, such as sound and text; multiple paraphrases; multiple translations (not necessarily or especially into different languages); multiple revisions of a "same" text; multiple corrections or correction 
s
uggestions of a non-native text; multiple versions of a same event (as described by different witnesses), etc. etc. All of these extend the standard parallel case (translations or comparable content, in two languages) in a realistic situation, without ent
ering the "virtual" world of dealing with three or more languages at the same time.
\par My plea is to measure and evaluate the (application) contexts}{\cs38\f0\fs20\lang2070\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s39\widctlpar\adjustright \f4\fs20\lang1044\cgrid {\cs38\super \chftn }{ }{\f0\lang2070 
One reviewer noted that I was mixing applications and resear
ch all over the paper. I do it on purpose, since I believe every research must have some goal. (The goal may be to improve an application, or answer some question(s) that are relevant for theory). And for all purposes discussed here, it was not relevant w
hich kind of (meta)goal the corpus compiler has in mind.}}}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  where it would be useful to have (or process an existing) multilingual corpus, prior to creating corpora or trying to agree on standards for their encoding.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s1 \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\kerning28\cgrid \hich\af4\dbch\af0\loch\f4 6.\tab}}\pard\plain \s1\fi-454\li454\sb240\sa60\keep\keepn\widctlpar\tx907\tx1361\tx1814\ls40\outlinelevel0\adjustright \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\kerning28\cgrid {
Acknowledgements
\par }\pard\plain \qj\fi360\widctlpar\adjustright \f4\lang1044\cgrid {\f0\fs20\lang2070 
 I am grateful to the two reviewers, to one for encouragement and to the other for a detailed critical discussion of a previous version of the paper. I thank Stig Johansson, and Jarle and Sign
e Ebeling, for granting me access to the ENPC and the OMC, and for critical comments on the preposition contrast at an early presentation, but most of all for having included Portuguese in the corpus in the first place. Some of the ideas in this paper hav
e been previously presented at the University of Oslo, and I am grateful to Kjell Johann S}{\f0\fs20 \'e6b\'f8}{\f0\fs20\lang2070  for the invitation, and to Stig Johansson for feedback. 
\par }\pard\plain \s1\sb240\sa60\keep\keepn\widctlpar\tx907\tx1361\tx1814\outlinelevel0\adjustright \b\f4\fs20\lang2070\kerning28\cgrid {References
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